Protein Information

Name cytochrome c
Synonyms CYC; CYCS; Cytochrome C; HCS; Cytochrome Cs

Compound Information

Name sulfur
CAS sulfur

Reference List

PubMed Abstract RScore(About this table)
19421892 Azai C, Tsukatani Y, Harada J, Oh-oka H: Sulfur oxidation in mutants of the photosynthetic green sulfur bacterium Chlorobium tepidum devoid of cytochrome c-554 and SoxB. Photosynth Res. 2009 May;100(2):57-65. Epub 2009 May 7.
64(0,2,2,4) Details
20156447 Hirano Y, Higuchi M, Azai C, Oh-Oka H, Miki K, Wang ZY: Crystal structure of the electron carrier domain of the reaction center cytochrome c (z) subunit from green photosynthetic bacterium Chlorobium tepidum. J Mol Biol. 2010 Apr 16;397(5):1175-87. Epub 2010 Feb 12.

In green sulfur photosynthetic bacteria, the cytochrome c (z) (cyt c (z)) subunit in the reaction center complex mediates electron transfer mainly from menaquinol/cytochrome c oxidoreductase to the special pair (P840) of the reaction center.
33(0,1,1,3) Details
20029917 Bhabak KP, Mugesh G: Antithyroid drugs and their analogues protect against peroxynitrite-mediated protein tyrosine nitration--a mechanistic study. Chemistry. 2010 Jan 25;16(4):1175-85.

The nitration of tyrosine residues in bovine serum albumin (BSA) and cytochrome c was studied by Western blot analysis.
Theoretical studies indicate that the substitution of N-H moiety by N-Me significantly increases the energy required for the oxidation of sulfur center by PN.
2(0,0,0,2) Details
19602115 Calenic B, Yaegaki K, Murata T, Imai T, Aoyama I, Sato T, Ii H: Oral malodorous compound triggers mitochondrial-dependent apoptosis and causes genomic DNA damage in human gingival epithelial cells. J Periodontal Res. 2009 Jul 8.

Background and Objective: Volatile sulfur compounds are the main compounds causing halitosis.
Reactive oxygen species, mitochondrial membrane depolarization and release of cytochrome C into the cytosol were assessed using flow cytometry and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.
2(0,0,0,2) Details
19697907 Ohmine M, Matsuura K, Shimada K, Alric J, Vermeglio A, Nagashima KV: Cytochrome c4 can be involved in the photosynthetic electron transfer system in the purple bacterium Rubrivivax gelatinosus. Biochemistry. 2009 Sep 29;48(38):9132-9.


A new soluble cytochrome c, which can reduce the photooxidized reaction center in vitro, was purified.
2(0,0,0,2) Details
20143161 Sakurai H, Ogawa T, Shiga M, Inoue K: Inorganic sulfur oxidizing system in green sulfur bacteria. Photosynth Res. 2010 Feb 9.

Some green sulfur bacteria oxidize thiosulfate by the multienzyme system called either the TOMES (thiosulfate oxidizing multi-enzyme system) or Sox (sulfur oxidizing system) composed of the three periplasmic proteins: SoxB, SoxYZ, and SoxAXK with a soluble small molecule cytochrome c as the electron acceptor.
31(0,1,1,1) Details
19731072 Higuchi M, Hirano Y, Kimura Y, Oh-oka H, Miki K, Wang ZY: Overexpression, characterization, and crystallization of the functional domain of cytochrome c (z) from Chlorobium tepidum. Photosynth Res. 2009 Oct;102(1):77-84.

Cytochrome c (z) is found in green sulfur photosynthetic bacteria, and is considered to be the only electron donor to the special pair P840 of the reaction center.
8(0,0,1,3) Details
19632192 Wilson JJ, Kappler U: Sulfite oxidation in Sinorhizobium meliloti. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2009 Dec;1787(12):1516-25. Epub 2009 Jul 24.

SorT is part of an operon (SMc04049-04047) also containing a gene for a cytochrome c and an azurin, and these might be the natural electron acceptors for the enzyme.
Sulfite-oxidizing enzymes (SOEs) are crucial for the metabolism of many cells and are particularly important in bacteria oxidizing inorganic or organic sulfur compounds.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
19842617 Lyubenova S, Maly T, Zwicker K, Brandt U, Ludwig B, Prisner T: Multifrequency pulsed electron paramagnetic resonance on metalloproteins. Acc Chem Res. 2010 Feb 16;43(2):181-9.

We used pulsed dipolar relaxation methods to investigate the complex of cytochrome c and cytochrome c oxidase, a noncovalent protein-protein complex involved in mitochondrial electron-transfer reactions.
Hyperfine sublevel correlation spectroscopy (HYSCORE) was used to study the ligand sphere of iron-sulfur clusters in complex I of the mitochondrial respiratory chain and substrate binding to the molybdenum enzyme polysulfide reductase.
2(0,0,0,2) Details
20091229 Baymann F, Nitschke W: Heliobacterial Rieske/cytb complex. . Photosynth Res. 2010 Jan 21.


It is composed of a diheme cytochrome c, and a Rieske iron-sulfur protein, together with transmembrane cytochrome b (6) and subunit IV.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
19748996 Pohl C, Papritz M, Moisch M, Wubbeke C, Hermanns MI, Uboldi C, Dei-Anang J, Mayer E, Kirkpatrick CJ, Kehe K: Acute morphological and toxicological effects in a human bronchial coculture model after sulfur mustard exposure. Toxicol Sci. 2009 Dec;112(2):482-9. Epub 2009 Sep 11.

Apoptotic markers such as cytochrome c, p53, Fas-associated protein with death domain, and procaspase-3 were significantly induced at concentrations of less than 100 microM.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
19348884 Millett F, Durham B: Chapter 5 Use of ruthenium photooxidation techniques to study electron transfer in the cytochrome bc1 complex. Methods Enzymol. 2009;456:95-109.

Ruthenium photooxidation methods are presented to study electron transfer between the cytochrome bc (1) complex and cytochrome c and within the cytochrome bc (1) complex.
Electron transfer from the Rieske iron-sulfur center [2Fe2S] to cyt c (1) was detected with a rate constant of 6 x 10 (4) s (-1) in R. sphaeroides cyt bc (1) with this method.
2(0,0,0,2) Details
20008079 Ihrig J, Hausmann A, Hain A, Richter N, Hamza I, Lill R, Muhlenhoff U: Iron regulation through the back door: iron-dependent metabolite levels contribute to transcriptional adaptation to iron deprivation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Eukaryot Cell. 2010 Mar;9(3):460-71. Epub 2009 Dec 11.

Synthesis of alpha-isopropylmalate involves the iron-sulfur protein Ilv3, which is inactivated under iron deficiency.
As another example, decreased mRNA levels of the cytochrome c-encoding CYC1 gene under iron-limiting conditions involve heme-dependent transcriptional regulation via the Hap1 transcription factor.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
20329772 Sawyer EB, Stephens E, Ferguson SJ, Allen JW, Barker PD: Aberrant Attachment of Heme to Cytochrome by the Ccm System Results in a Cysteine Persulfide Linkage. J Am Chem Soc. 2010 Mar 23.

The system I cytochrome c maturation (Ccm) apparatus has been shown to handle a wide variety of apocytochrome substrates containing the CX (n) CH heme attachment sequence, where n = 2, 3, or 4 in natural sequences.
We have used accurate mass spectrometry to analyze peptide digests of matured Escherichia coli cytochrome cb (562) with n = 1, 5, or 6 and shown that an extra sulfur is sometimes incorporated into the heme-protein linkage.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
19478336 Rottenberg H, Covian R, Trumpower BL: Membrane potential greatly enhances superoxide generation by the cytochrome bc1 complex reconstituted into phospholipid vesicles. J Biol Chem. 2009 Jul 17;284(29):19203-10. Epub 2009 May 28.


The mitochondrial cytochrome bc (1) complex (ubiquinol/cytochrome c oxidoreductase) is generally thought to generate superoxide anion that participates in cell signaling and contributes to cellular damage in aging and degenerative disease.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
20188670 Bien M, Longen S, Wagener N, Chwalla I, Herrmann JM, Riemer J: Mitochondrial disulfide bond formation is driven by intersubunit electron transfer in Erv1 and proofread by glutathione. Mol Cell. 2010 Feb 26;37(4):516-28.


To analyze in detail the mechanism of this oxidative pathway and the interplay of its components, we reconstituted the complete process in vitro using purified cytochrome c, Erv1, Mia40, and Cox19.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
20091230 Azai C, Tsukatani Y, Itoh S, Oh-Oka H: C-type cytochromes in the photosynthetic electron transfer pathways in green sulfur bacteria and heliobacteria. Photosynth Res. 2010 Jan 21.

In the case of gram-positive heliobacteria, the photooxidized P800 reaction center is rereduced by cytochrome c-553 (PetJ) whose N-terminal cysteine residue is modified with fatty acid chains anchored to the cytoplasmic membrane.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
19332831 Nicolle Jle C, Simmons S, Bathe S, Norris PR: Ferrous iron oxidation and rusticyanin in halotolerant, acidophilic 'Thiobacillus prosperus'. Microbiology. 2009 Apr;155(Pt 4):1302-9.


A subtractive hybridization of cDNAs from ferrous-iron-grown and sulfur-grown 'T. prosperus' strain V6 led to identification of a cluster of genes similar to the rus operon reported to encode ferrous iron oxidation in A. ferrooxidans.
0(0,0,0,0) Details
19406771 Chamkh F, Sproer C, Lemos PC, Besson S, El Asli AG, Bennisse R, Labat M, Reis M, Qatibi AI: Desulfovibrio marrakechensis sp. nov., a 1,4-tyrosol-oxidizing, sulfate-reducing bacterium isolated from olive mill wastewater. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 2009 May;59(Pt 5):936-42.


Cells were Gram-negative, catalase-positive, straight rods that were non-motile and non-spore-forming and contained cytochrome c (3) and desulfoviridin.
1(0,0,0,1) Details