Protein Information

Name xanthine dehydrogenase
Synonyms XDH; XDHA; XO; XOD; XOR; Xanthene dehydrogenase; Xanthine dehydrogenase; Xanthine dehydrogenase/oxidase…

Compound Information

Name sulfur
CAS sulfur

Reference List

PubMed Abstract RScore(About this table)
19470097 Li W, Fingrut DR, Maxwell DP: Characterization of a mutant of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii deficient in the molybdenum cofactor. Physiol Plant. 2009 Jul;136(3):336-50. Epub 2009 Feb 12.


Besides lacking NR, DB6 also lacks xanthine dehydrogenase activity; a common requirement of both enzymes is Moco.
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19368556 Neumann M, Mittelstadt G, Iobbi-Nivol C, Saggu M, Lendzian F, Hildebrandt P, Leimkuhler S: A periplasmic aldehyde oxidoreductase represents the first molybdopterin cytosine dinucleotide cofactor containing molybdo-flavoenzyme from Escherichia coli. FEBS J. 2009 May;276(10):2762-74. Epub 2009 Apr 1.

Three DNA regions carrying genes encoding putative homologs of xanthine dehydrogenases were identified in Escherichia coli, named xdhABC, xdhD, and yagTSRQ.
Here, we describe the purification and characterization of gene products of the yagTSRQ operon, a molybdenum-containing iron-sulfur flavoprotein from E. coli, which is located in the periplasm.
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19793632 Sass JO, Gunduz A, Araujo Rodrigues Funayama C, Korkmaz B, Dantas Pinto KG, Tuysuz B, Yanasse Dos Santos L, Taskiran E, de Fatima Turcato M, Lam CW, Reiss J, Walter M, Yalcinkaya C, Camelo Junior JS: Functional deficiencies of sulfite oxidase: Differential diagnoses in neonates presenting with intractable seizures and cystic encephalomalacia. Brain Dev. 2009 Sep 28.

Sulfite oxidase is a mitochondrial enzyme encoded by the SUOX gene and essential for the detoxification of sulfite which results mainly from the catabolism of sulfur-containing amino acids.
Defects in the synthesis of the molybdenum cofactor are caused by mutations in one of the genes MOCS1, MOCS2, MOCS3 and GEPH and result in combined deficiencies of the enzymes sulfite oxidase, xanthine dehydrogenase and aldehyde oxidase.
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19401776 Schumann S, Terao M, Garattini E, Saggu M, Lendzian F, Hildebrandt P, Leimkuhler S: Site directed mutagenesis of amino acid residues at the active site of mouse aldehyde oxidase AOX1. PLoS One. 2009;4(4):e5348. Epub 2009 Apr 29.

Mouse aldehyde oxidase (mAOX1) forms a homodimer and belongs to the xanthine oxidase family of molybdoenzymes which are characterized by an essential equatorial sulfur ligand coordinated to the molybdenum atom.
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20164445 Teschner J, Lachmann N, Schulze J, Geisler M, Selbach K, Santamaria-Araujo J, Balk J, Mendel RR, Bittner F: A novel role for Arabidopsis mitochondrial ABC transporter ATM3 in molybdenum cofactor biosynthesis. Plant Cell. 2010 Feb;22(2):468-80. Epub 2010 Feb 17.

In ATM3 insertion mutants of Arabidopsis thaliana, the activities of nitrate reductase and sulfite oxidase were decreased to approximately 50%, whereas the activities of xanthine dehydrogenase and aldehyde oxidase, whose activities also depend on iron-sulfur clusters, were virtually undetectable.
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19741035 Alfaro JF, Joswig-Jones CA, Ouyang W, Nichols J, Crouch GJ, Jones JP: Purification and mechanism of human aldehyde oxidase expressed in Escherichia coli. Drug Metab Dispos. 2009 Dec;37(12):2393-8. Epub 2009 Sep 9.

The resulting protein is active, with sulfur being incorporated in the molybdopterin cofactor.
Kinetic analysis, including kinetic isotope effects and comparison with xanthine oxidase, reveal similar mechanisms, with some subtle differences.
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19452052 Romao MJ: Molybdenum and tungsten enzymes: a crystallographic and mechanistic overview. Dalton Trans. 2009 Jun 7;(21):4053-68. Epub 2009 Mar 14.

They catalyze a diversity of mostly two-electron oxidation-reduction reactions crucial in the metabolism of nitrogen, sulfur and carbon.
On the basis of structural, spectroscopic and biochemical characteristics, they have been classified into three broad families named according to well-studied enzymes of each family: xanthine oxidase, sulfite oxidase and DMSO reductase.
1(0,0,0,1) Details