Protein Information

Name ubiquitins
Synonyms HMG20; RPS27A; UBA80; UBCEP 1; UBCEP1; UBA52; UBCEP 2; UBCEP2…

Compound Information

Name gibberellic acid
CAS (1α,2β,4aα,4bβ,10β)-2,4a,7-trihydroxy-1-methyl-8-methylenegibb-3-ene-1,10-dicarboxylic acid 1,4a-lactone

Reference List

PubMed Abstract RScore(About this table)
19717618 Wang F, Zhu D, Huang X, Li S, Gong Y, Yao Q, Fu X, Fan LM, Deng XW: Biochemical insights on degradation of Arabidopsis DELLA proteins gained from a cell-free assay system. Plant Cell. 2009 Aug;21(8):2378-90. Epub 2009 Aug 28.

The phytohormone gibberellic acid (GA) regulates diverse aspects of plant growth and development.
Recent studies in Arabidopsis thaliana and rice (Oryza sativa) have implied that the degradation of DELLA proteins occurred via the ubiquitin-proteasome system.
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18077204 Schwechheimer C: Understanding gibberellic acid signaling--are we there yet? . Curr Opin Plant Biol. 2008 Feb;11(1):9-15.

The current view is that GA binds to a soluble GID1 receptor, which interacts with the DELLA repressor proteins in a GA-dependent manner and thereby induces DELLA protein degradation via the E3 ubiquitin ligase SCF (GID2/SLY1).
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12887580 Zenser N, Dreher KA, Edwards SR, Callis J: Acceleration of Aux/IAA proteolysis is specific for auxin and independent of AXR1. Plant J. 2003 Aug;35(3):285-94.

To further examine auxin-mediated increases in proteolysis, the degradation of two other LUC fusion proteins, a non-cleavable ubiquitin LUC fusion (UB1-72::LUC) and SAUR15::LUC was determined in vivo in seedlings.
Hormonal cross-talk at the level of Aux/IAA proteolysis was examined. 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC), benzyladenine (BA), abscisic acid (ABA), and brassinolide (BL) did not affect the degradation rate of IAA1::LUC, and gibberellic acid (GA3) and salicylic acid (SA) did not specifically affect the steady-state levels of Aux/IAA::LUC proteins.
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20147494 Huang Y, Li CY, Pattison DL, Gray WM, Park S, Gibson SI: SUGAR INSENSITIVE3, a RING E3 ligase, is a new player in plant sugar response. Plant Physiol. 2010 Feb 10.

Unlike some other sugar-response mutants, sis3 exhibits wild-type responses to the inhibitory effects of abscisic acid and paclobutrazol, a gibberellic acid biosynthesis inhibitor, on seed germination.
Our results indicate that SIS3 encodes a ubiquitin E3 ligase that is a positive regulator of sugar signaling during early seedling development.
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12969426 Downes BP, Stupar RM, Gingerich DJ, Vierstra RD: The HECT ubiquitin-protein ligase (UPL) family in Arabidopsis: UPL3 has a specific role in trichome development. Plant J. 2003 Sep;35(6):729-42.

Attachment of one or more ubiquitins (Ubs) to various intracellular proteins has a number of roles in plants including the selective removal of regulatory proteins by the 26S proteasome.
The upl3 trichomes also often undergo an additional round of endoreplication resulting in enlarged nuclei with ploidy levels of up to 64C. upl3 plants are hypersensitive to gibberellic acid-3 (GA3), consistent with the role of gibberellins in trichome development.
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7716243 Jordan ET, Hatfield PM, Hondred D, Talon M, Zeevaart JA, Vierstra RD: Phytochrome A overexpression in transgenic tobacco. Plant Physiol. 1995 Mar;107(3):797-805.

We show here that the dwarf response is related to a reduction in active gibberellins (GAs) in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) overexpressing oat phytochrome A under the control of the cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) 35S promoter and can be suppressed by foliar applications of gibberellic acid.
To examine the efficacy of this cellular site, oat phytochrome A was also expressed using Arabidopsis chlorophyll a/b-binding protein (CAB) and the Arabidopsis ubiquitin (UBQ1) promoters.
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17764521 Agharkar M, Lomba P, Altpeter F, Zhang H, Kenworthy K, Lange T: Stable expression of AtGA2ox1 in a low-input turfgrass (Paspalum notatum Flugge) reduces bioactive gibberellin levels and improves turf quality under field conditions. Plant Biotechnol J. 2007 Nov;5(6):791-801. Epub 2007 Aug 31.


GA catabolizing AtGA2ox1 was subcloned under the control of the constitutive maize ubiquitin promoter and Nos 3'UTR.
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20103592 Sun X, Jones WT, Harvey D, Edwards PJ, Pascal SM, Kirk C, Considine T, Sheerin DJ, Rakonjac J, Oldfield CJ, Xue B, Dunker AK, Uversky VN: N-terminal domains of della proteins are intrinsically unstructured proteins in the absence of interaction with gid1 ga receptors. J Biol Chem. 2010 Jan 26.

The plant growth-repressing DELLA proteins (DELLAs) are known to represent a convergence point in integration of multiple developmental and environmental signals in planta, one of which is hormone gibberellic acid (GA).
Binding of the liganded GA receptor (GID1/GA) to the N-terminal domain of DELLAs is required for GA-induced degradation of DELLAs via the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway, thus de-repressing of plant growth.
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16792696 Ko JH, Yang SH, Han KH: Upregulation of an Arabidopsis RING-H2 gene, XERICO, confers drought tolerance through increased abscisic acid biosynthesis. Plant J. 2006 Aug;47(3):343-55. Epub 2006 Jun 22.

Affymetrix GeneChip array analysis showed that the expressions of many of the genes involved in the biosynthesis of plant hormones (e.g. ethylene, brassinosteroid, gibberellic acid) were significantly changed in the 35S::XERICO plants.
Yeast two-hybrid screening indicated that XERICO interacts with an E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme (AtUBC8) and ASK1-interacting F-box protein (AtTLP9), which is involved in the ABA-signaling pathway.
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20083325 Dohmann EM, Nill C, Schwechheimer C: DELLA proteins restrain germination and elongation growth in Arabidopsis thaliana COP9 signalosome mutants. Eur J Cell Biol. 2010 Feb-Mar;89(2-3):163-8. Epub 2010 Jan 18.

Here, we examine the role of CSN in the context of the E3 ubiquitin ligase SCF (SLEEPY1 (SLY1)), which promotes gibberellic acid (GA)-dependent responses in Arabidopsis thaliana.
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15491916 Schwechheimer C, Calderon Villalobos LI: Cullin-containing E3 ubiquitin ligases in plant development. Curr Opin Plant Biol. 2004 Dec;7(6):677-86.

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19114460 Gilkerson J, Hu J, Brown J, Jones A, Sun TP, Callis J: Isolation and characterization of cul1-7, a recessive allele of CULLIN1 that disrupts SCF function at the C terminus of CUL1 in Arabidopsis thaliana. Genetics. 2009 Mar;181(3):945-63. Epub 2008 Dec 29.


Many aspects of plant biology depend on the ubiquitin proteasome system for degradation of regulatory proteins.
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12724538 McGinnis KM, Thomas SG, Soule JD, Strader LC, Zale JM, Sun TP, Steber CM: The Arabidopsis SLEEPY1 gene encodes a putative F-box subunit of an SCF E3 ubiquitin ligase. Plant Cell. 2003 May;15(5):1120-30.

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