Protein Information

Name histone deacetylase (protein family or complex)
Synonyms Histone deacetylase; Histone deacetylases

Compound Information

Name cycloheximide
CAS

Reference List

PubMed Abstract RScore(About this table)
18205807 Borecka-Melkusova S, Kozovska Z, Hikkel I, Dzugasova V, Subik J: RPD3 and ROM2 are required for multidrug resistance in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. FEMS Yeast Res. 2008 May;8(3):414-24. Epub 2008 Jan 16.

In this work, it is shown that the RPD3 gene encoding the histone deacetylase that functions as a transcriptional corepressor at many promoters and the ROM2 gene coding for the GDP/GTP exchange protein for Rho1p and Rho2p participating in signal transduction pathways are required for PDR5 transcription under cycloheximide-induced and noninduced conditions.
32(0,1,1,2) Details
15516693 Wang S, Zhu J: The hTERT gene is embedded in a nuclease-resistant chromatin domain. J Biol Chem. 2004 Dec 31;279(53):55401-10. Epub 2004 Oct 29.

In contrast, the inhibition of protein synthesis by cycloheximide induced transcription from both the hTERT and Xtrp2 genes, indicating that histone deacetylases and labile factors coordinate to silence this chromosomal region.
31(0,1,1,1) Details
16275642 Colina AR, Young D: Raf60, a novel component of the Rpd3 histone deacetylase complex required for Rpd3 activity in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Biol Chem. 2005 Dec 30;280(52):42552-6. Epub 2005 Nov 7.

Furthermore, we found that raf60Delta cells exhibited phenotypes similar to those of rpd3Delta cells, including derepression of secreted acid phosphatase (Pho5), hypersensitivity to cycloheximide, and hypersensitivity to heat shock.
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19446037 Safronova O, Pluemsampant S, Nakahama K, Morita I: Regulation of chemokine gene expression by hypoxia via cooperative activation of NF-kappaB and histone deacetylase. Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 2009 Nov;41(11):2270-80. Epub 2009 May 13.

4(0,0,0,4) Details
17172411 Lee JH, Park JH, Jung Y, Kim JH, Jong HS, Kim TY, Bang YJ: Histone deacetylase inhibitor enhances 5-fluorouracil cytotoxicity by down-regulating thymidylate synthase in human cancer cells. Mol Cancer Ther. 2006 Dec;5(12):3085-95.

Cotreatment with trichostatin A and cycloheximide restored TS mRNA expression, suggesting that TS mRNA is repressed through new protein synthesis.
3(0,0,0,3) Details
15634758 Bordin M, D'Atri F, Guillemot L, Citi S: Histone deacetylase inhibitors up-regulate the expression of tight junction proteins. Mol Cancer Res. 2004 Dec;2(12):692-701.

Up-regulation of cingulin is reversible and dose dependent and requires de novo protein synthesis and protein kinase activity, because it is inhibited by cycloheximide and by the protein kinase inhibitor H-7.
2(0,0,0,2) Details
16133866 Drexler HC, Euler M: Synergistic apoptosis induction by proteasome and histone deacetylase inhibitors is dependent on protein synthesis. Apoptosis. 2005 Aug;10(4):743-58.

The most striking anti-apoptotic effect though was obtained by the translational inhibitor cycloheximide, which abolished caspase 8 processing, blocked Bid cleavage and maintained the mitochondrial transmembrane potential.
2(0,0,0,2) Details
19094990 Azzi A, Cosseau C, Grunau C: Schistosoma mansoni: developmental arrest of miracidia treated with histone deacetylase inhibitors. Exp Parasitol. 2009 Mar;121(3):288-91. Epub 2008 Dec 6.

Other enzyme inhibitors such as cycloheximide or hydroxyurea had no effect on metamorphosis.
2(0,0,0,2) Details
15791453 Murakami J, Asaumi J, Kawai N, Tsujigiwa H, Yanagi Y, Nagatsuka H, Inoue T, Kokeguchi S, Kawasaki S, Kuroda M, Tanaka N, Matsubara N, Kishi K: Effects of histone deacetylase inhibitor FR901228 on the expression level of telomerase reverse transcriptase in oral cancer. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 2005 Jul;56(1):22-8. Epub 2005 Mar 25.

Moreover, cotreatment of protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide (CHX) resulted in the induction of hTERT transcription by FR901228.
2(0,0,0,2) Details
18504399 Ishihara K, Kaneko M, Kitamura H, Takahashi A, Hong JJ, Seyama T, Iida K, Wada H, Hirasawa N, Ohuchi K: Mechanism for the decrease in the FIP1L1-PDGFRalpha protein level in EoL-1 cells by histone deacetylase inhibitors. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 2008;146 Suppl 1:7-10. Epub 2008 May 27.

Actinomycin D and cycloheximide were used to block RNA synthesis and protein synthesis, respectively, in the chasing experiment of the amount of FIP1L1-PDGFRalpha protein.
2(0,0,0,2) Details
16676400 Xu J, Hershman JM: Histone deacetylase inhibitor depsipeptide represses nicotinamide N-methyltransferase and hepatocyte nuclear factor-1beta gene expression in human papillary thyroid cancer cells. Thyroid. 2006 Feb;16(2):151-60.

Protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide and proteasome inhibitor MG-132 enhanced HNF-1beta stability in the depsipeptide-treated cells.
2(0,0,0,2) Details
16338217 Gan Y, Shen YH, Utama B, Wang J, Coselli J, Wang XL: Dual effects of histone deacetylase inhibition by trichostatin A on endothelial nitric oxide synthase expression in endothelial cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2006 Feb 3;340(1):29-34. Epub 2005 Dec 6.

Cycloheximide, a protein synthesis inhibitor, completely abolished TSA-induced decrease in eNOS expression, indicating that new protein synthesis is required for the inhibiting effect.
2(0,0,0,2) Details
15542778 Doi S, Soda H, Oka M, Tsurutani J, Kitazaki T, Nakamura Y, Fukuda M, Yamada Y, Kamihira S, Kohno S: The histone deacetylase inhibitor FR901228 induces caspase-dependent apoptosis via the mitochondrial pathway in small cell lung cancer cells. Mol Cancer Ther. 2004 Nov;3(11):1397-402.

2(0,0,0,2) Details
18204075 Cucciolla V, Borriello A, Criscuolo M, Sinisi AA, Bencivenga D, Tramontano A, Scudieri AC, Oliva A, Zappia V, Della Ragione F: Histone deacetylase inhibitors upregulate p57Kip2 level by enhancing its expression through Sp1 transcription factor. Carcinogenesis. 2008 Mar;29(3):560-7. Epub 2008 Jan 19.

The cki upregulation is associated with an increased gene expression that was not prevented by cycloheximide, indicating that HDACIs affect directly p57 (Kip2) transcription.
2(0,0,0,2) Details
17828306 You JS, Kang JK, Lee EK, Lee JC, Lee SH, Jeon YJ, Koh DH, Ahn SH, Seo DW, Lee HY, Cho EJ, Han JW: Histone deacetylase inhibitor apicidin downregulates DNA methyltransferase 1 expression and induces repressive histone modifications via recruitment of corepressor complex to promoter region in human cervix cancer cells. Oncogene. 2008 Feb 28;27(10):1376-86. Epub 2007 Sep 10.

The downregulation of DNMT1 expression seems to require de novo protein synthesis, because the apicidin effect is antagonized by cycloheximide treatment.
2(0,0,0,2) Details
18632985 Wilson AJ, Byun DS, Nasser S, Murray LB, Ayyanar K, Arango D, Figueroa M, Melnick A, Kao GD, Augenlicht LH, Mariadason JM: HDAC4 promotes growth of colon cancer cells via repression of p21. Mol Biol Cell. 2008 Oct;19(10):4062-75. Epub 2008 Jul 16.

The class II Histone deacetylase (HDAC), HDAC4, is expressed in a tissue-specific manner, and it represses differentiation of specific cell types.
Conversely, overexpression of HDAC4 repressed p21 promoter activity. p21 was likely a direct target of HDAC4, because HDAC4 down-regulation increased p21 mRNA when protein synthesis was inhibited by cycloheximide.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
18641367 Nawrocki ST, Carew JS, Maclean KH, Courage JF, Huang P, Houghton JA, Cleveland JL, Giles FJ, McConkey DJ: Myc regulates aggresome formation, the induction of Noxa, and apoptosis in response to the combination of bortezomib and SAHA. Blood. 2008 Oct 1;112(7):2917-26. Epub 2008 Jul 18.


The histone deacetylase inhibitor SAHA enhances cell death stimulated by the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib (BZ) by disrupting BZ-induced aggresome formation.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
17419942 Miller G, El-Guindy A, Countryman J, Ye J, Gradoville L: Lytic cycle switches of oncogenic human gammaherpesviruses. Adv Cancer Res. 2007;97:81-109.


The lytic cycle of both EBV and KSHV can be activated by sodium butyrate (NaB), a histone deacetylase inhibitor whose activity in disrupting latency was also discovered by G.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
19770273 Steinmann J, Halldorsson S, Agerberth B, Gudmundsson GH: Phenylbutyrate induces antimicrobial peptide expression. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2009 Dec;53(12):5127-33. Epub 2009 Sep 21.


Results from quantitative chromatin immunoprecipitation experiments challenge the common view that histone deacetylase inhibitors directly increase CAMP gene expression.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
20332434 Lea MA, Ibeh C, Han L, Desbordes C: Inhibition of growth and induction of differentiation markers by polyphenolic molecules and histone deacetylase inhibitors in colon cancer cells. Anticancer Res. 2010 Feb;30(2):311-8.

Cycloheximide inhibited protein synthesis in the 3 cell types examined but paradoxically, in Caco-2 cells it caused increased specific activities of alkaline phosphatase and dipeptidyl peptidase.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
15608694 Inoue S, MacFarlane M, Harper N, Wheat LM, Dyer MJ, Cohen GM: Histone deacetylase inhibitors potentiate TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL)-induced apoptosis in lymphoid malignancies. Cell Death Differ. 2004 Dec;11 Suppl 2:S193-206.

1(0,0,0,1) Details
15754039 Lai MD, Lin WC, Sun YM, Chang FL: Phosphorylated and hypoacetylated mutant p53 enhances cisplatin-induced apoptosis through caspase-9 pathway in the absence of transcriptional activation or translation. Int J Mol Med. 2005 Apr;15(4):725-34.

Both transcriptional inhibitor actinomycin D and translational inhibitor cycloheximide did not inhibit apoptosis.
Transcriptional repression of Bcl-2 occurred during apoptosis and could be reversed by the treatment of histone deacetylase inhibitor trichostatin A (TSA).
1(0,0,0,1) Details
17209135 Kuang PP, Zhang XH, Rich CB, Foster JA, Subramanian M, Goldstein RH: Activation of elastin transcription by transforming growth factor-beta in human lung fibroblasts. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 2007 Apr;292(4):L944-52. Epub 2007 Jan 5.

The induction of elastin hnRNA and mRNA expression by TGF-beta was abolished by pretreatments with TGF-beta receptor I inhibitor, global transcription inhibitor actinomycin D, and partially blocked by addition of protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide, but was not affected by the p44/42 MAPK inhibitor U0126.
Treatment of lung fibroblasts with interleukin-1beta or the histone deacetylase inhibitor trichostatin A inhibited TGF-beta-induced elastin mRNA and hnRNA expression by a mechanism that involved inhibition of Akt phosphorylation.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
19117054 Karmakar S, Foster EA, Smith CL: Estradiol downregulation of the tumor suppressor gene BTG2 requires estrogen receptor-alpha and the REA corepressor. Int J Cancer. 2009 Apr 15;124(8):1841-51.

Depletion of ERalpha by siRNA indicated that the receptor is required for E2 down regulation of BTG2 mRNA levels, and cycloheximide experiments indicated that the effect of E2 on BTG2 expression was independent of intermediary protein synthesis.
Surprisingly, histone deacetylase (HDACs) activity is essential for basal expression as evidenced by trichostatin A inhibition of BTG2 mRNA levels.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
15899836 Tran T, Shatnawi A, Zheng X, Kelley KM, Ratnam M: Enhancement of folate receptor alpha expression in tumor cells through the glucocorticoid receptor: a promising means to improved tumor detection and targeting. Cancer Res. 2005 May 15;65(10):4431-41.


Histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors potentiated dexamethasone induction of FR-alpha independent of changes in GR levels.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
19428567 Gu L, Dean J, Oliveira AL, Sheehy N, Hall WW, Gautier VW: Expression profile and differential regulation of the Human I-mfa domain-Containing protein (HIC) gene in immune cells. Immunol Lett. 2009 Apr 27;123(2):179-84. Epub 2009 Mar 28.

Addition of cycloheximide indicated that the IL-2 effects were independent of de novo protein synthesis and that the HIC gene is a direct target of IL-2.
However, when these cell lines were subjected to a combination of DNA methyltransferase and histone-deacetylase inhibitors, (5-aza-2-deoxycytidine and trichostatin A, respectively), HIC expression was de-repressed, indicating possible epigenetic control of HIC expression.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
17596302 Ye J, Gradoville L, Daigle D, Miller G: De novo protein synthesis is required for lytic cycle reactivation of Epstein-Barr virus, but not Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus, in response to histone deacetylase inhibitors and protein kinase C agonists. J Virol. 2007 Sep;81(17):9279-91. Epub 2007 Jun 27.

Using Northern blotting and quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR, we measured the kinetics of expression of the lytic cycle activator genes and determined whether abundance of mRNAs encoding these genes from either virus was reduced by treatment with cycloheximide (CHX), an inhibitor of protein synthesis.
CHX blocked expression of mRNAs of EBV BZLF1 and BRLF1, the two EBV lytic cycle activator genes, when HH514-16 Burkitt lymphoma cells were treated with histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors, sodium butyrate or trichostatin A, or a DNA methyltransferase inhibitor, 5-Aza-2'-deoxycytidine.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
17178387 Januchowski R, Jagodzinski PP: Trichostatin A down-regulates ZAP-70, LAT and SLP-76 content in Jurkat T cells. Int Immunopharmacol. 2007 Feb;7(2):198-204. Epub 2006 Oct 17.

Employing the protein biosynthesis inhibitor cycloheximide, we demonstrated the involvement of RNase and/or mRNA stabilization protein in ZAP-70, LAT and SLP-76 mRNAs stabilization.
The effect of TSA on ZAP-70, LAT and SLP-76 content in T cells confirms an immunosuppressive effect by TSA, and the usefulness of this histone deacetylase inhibitor in the treatment of autoimmune diseases.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
16595663 Castellano R, Vire B, Pion M, Quivy V, Olive D, Hirsch I, Van Lint C, Collette Y: Active transcription of the human FASL/CD95L/TNFSF6 promoter region in T lymphocytes involves chromatin remodeling: role of DNA methylation and protein acetylation suggest distinct mechanisms of transcriptional repression. J Biol Chem. 2006 May 26;281(21):14719-28. Epub 2006 Apr 4.


HSS1 chromatin remodeling preceded detectable TNFSF6 mRNA accumulation and was blocked by cycloheximide that also prevented TNFSF6 transcription.
0(0,0,0,0) Details