Protein Information

Name ATF4
Synonyms ATF 4; CREB2; ATF4; Activating transcription factor 4; CREB 2; Cyclic AMP dependent transcription factor ATF4; Cyclic AMP response element binding protein 2; Cyclic AMP dependent transcription factor ATF 4…

Compound Information

Name cycloheximide
CAS

Reference List

PubMed Abstract RScore(About this table)
17283163 Little JL, Wheeler FB, Fels DR, Koumenis C, Kridel SJ: Inhibition of fatty acid synthase induces endoplasmic reticulum stress in tumor cells. Cancer Res. 2007 Feb 1;67(3):1262-9.

Induction of ER stress is further confirmed by the increased expression of the ER stress-regulated genes CHOP, ATF4, and GRP78.
FAS inhibitor-induced ER stress is activated prior to the detection of caspase 3 and PARP cleavage, primary indicators of cell death, whereas orlistat-induced cell death is rescued by coincubation with the global translation inhibitor cycloheximide.
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17497122 Elouil H, Bensellam M, Guiot Y, Vander Mierde D, Pascal SM, Schuit FC, Jonas JC: Acute nutrient regulation of the unfolded protein response and integrated stress response in cultured rat pancreatic islets. Diabetologia. 2007 Jul;50(7):1442-52. Epub 2007 May 12.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: We compared the effects of increasing glucose concentrations and of endoplasmic reticulum Ca (2+) emptying with thapsigargin on the UPR (X-box binding protein [Xbp1] mRNA splicing and XBP1/activating transcription factor [ATF] 6-target gene expression) and ISR (eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2A phosphorylation, ATF4 protein levels and target gene expression) in isolated rat islets.
Remarkably, attenuating the glucose stimulation of protein synthesis with a low concentration of cycloheximide prevented UPR activation but not ISR reduction by high glucose.
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19129918 Drexler HC: Synergistic apoptosis induction in leukemic cells by the phosphatase inhibitor salubrinal and proteasome inhibitors. PLoS One. 2009;4(1):e4161. Epub 2009 Jan 8.

Salubrinal further aggravated ER-stress and proteotoxicity inflicted by the proteasome inhibitors on the leukemic cells since characteristic ER stress responses, such as ATF4 and CHOP synthesis, XBP1 splicing, activation of MAP kinases and eventually apoptosis were efficiently abrogated by the translational inhibitor cycloheximide.
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17067731 Kumagai K, Ando Y, Kiyosawa N, Ito K, Kawai R, Yamoto T, Manabe S, Teranishi M: Toxicoproteomic investigation of the molecular mechanisms of cycloheximide-induced hepatocellular apoptosis in rat liver. Toxicology. 2006 Dec 7;228(2-3):299-309. Epub 2006 Sep 29.

In the gene expression assay using quantitative RT-PCR, the genes related to CHOP-mediated apoptosis such as the C/EBPbeta, ATF3 and ATF4 genes were significantly increased corresponding to the induction of hepatocellular apoptosis in rats treated with CHX.
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19561079 Tardito S, Isella C, Medico E, Marchio L, Bevilacqua E, Hatzoglou M, Bussolati O, Franchi-Gazzola R: The thioxotriazole copper (II) complex A0 induces endoplasmic reticulum stress and paraptotic death in human cancer cells. J Biol Chem. 2009 Sep 4;284(36):24306-19. Epub 2009 Jun 26.

Cycloheximide inhibited the accumulation of ubiquitinylated proteins and hampered A0-induced cell death process.
The occurrence of the UPR during A0-induced death process was shown by the increased abundance of spliced XBP1 mRNA, transient eIF2alpha phosphorylation, and a series of downstream events, including attenuation of global protein synthesis and increased expression of ATF4, CHOP, BIP, and GADD34.
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