Protein Information

Name signal transducer and activator of transcription 3
Synonyms APRF; Acute phase response factor; STAT 3; STAT3; Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3; signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (acute phase response factor); signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 isoform 1; Acute phase response factors…

Compound Information

Name cycloheximide
CAS

Reference List

PubMed Abstract RScore(About this table)
19071214 Lee BS, Park M, Cha HY, Lee JH: Hepatocyte growth factor induces delayed STAT3 phosphorylation through interleukin-6 expression. Cell Signal. 2009 Mar;21(3):419-27. Epub 2008 Nov 30.

Blocking of the phosphorylation by cycloheximide or actinomycin D and the rapid STAT3 phosphorylation with the conditioned medium from HGF/SF-treated NIH3T3 cells suggested that a newly synthesized secretory protein was responsible for the delayed STAT3 phosphorylation.
87(1,1,1,7) Details
17197193 Fritzenwanger M, Meusel K, Foerster M, Kuethe F, Krack A, Figulla HR: Cardiotrophin-1 induces interleukin-6 synthesis in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Cytokine. 2006 Nov;36(3-4):101-6. Epub 2007 Jan 2.

For the pathway determination following inhibitors were used: piceatannol (signal transducer and activation of transcription (STAT) 3 phosphorylation), wortmannin (phosphatiylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)), SB203580 (p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)), AG490 (Janus kinase (JAK) 2), PD98059 (mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK) 1/2), parthenolide (nuclear factor kappaB) and cycloheximide (protein biosynthesis).
32(0,1,1,2) Details
17182689 Mangino G, Percario ZA, Fiorucci G, Vaccari G, Manrique S, Romeo G, Federico M, Geyer M, Affabris E: In vitro treatment of human monocytes/macrophages with myristoylated recombinant Nef of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 leads to the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases, IkappaB kinases, and interferon regulatory factor 3 and to the release of beta interferon. J Virol. 2007 Mar;81(6):2777-91. Epub 2006 Dec 20.

Previously, we reported that Nef treatment of primary human monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) induces a cycloheximide-independent activation of NF-kappaB and the synthesis and secretion of a set of chemokines/cytokines that activate STAT1 and STAT3.
31(0,1,1,1) Details
19006119 Suh HN, Lee YJ, Han HJ: Interleukin-6 promotes 2-deoxyglucose uptake through p44/42 MAPKs activation via Ca2+/PKC and EGF receptor in primary cultured chicken hepatocytes. J Cell Physiol. 2009 Mar;218(3):643-52.

Indeed, IL-6 increased GLUT-2 mRNA and protein expression as well as 2-DG uptake, which were blocked by actinomycin D (AD, transcription inhibitor) and cycloheximide (CHX, translation inhibitor).
IL-6 increased Janus Kinase (JAK)-2, signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)-3 phosphorylation, intracellular Ca (2+) concentration, and PKC phosphorylation.
2(0,0,0,2) Details
17948269 Rossato M, Cencig S, Gasperini S, Cassatella MA, Bazzoni F: IL-10 modulates cytokine gene transcription by protein synthesis-independent and dependent mechanisms in lipopolysaccharide-treated neutrophils. Eur J Immunol. 2007 Nov;37(11):3176-89.

Importantly, inhibition of IL-10-induced STAT3 activation and IL-10-suppressive action by a prolonged exposure to cycloheximide (CHX) was observed to occur also in human monocytes and was caused by a defective IL-10-mediated activation of Jak1 and Tyk2 kinases.
83(1,1,1,3) Details
17070518 Hosoi T, Matsunami N, Nagahama T, Okuma Y, Ozawa K, Takizawa T, Nomura Y: 2-Aminopurine inhibits leptin receptor signal transduction. Eur J Pharmacol. 2006 Dec 28;553(1-3):61-6. Epub 2006 Sep 28.

In the present study, we investigated the effect of 2-aminopurine (2-AP), an inhibitor of double-strand RNA-activated protein kinase (PKR), on leptin signal transduction. 2-AP dose-dependently inhibited the leptin-induced phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) in HEK293 cells stably transfected with the Ob-Rb leptin receptor.
The inhibitory effect of 2-AP was not mediated by newly synthesized protein because the inhibitory effect of 2-AP on leptin-induced STAT3 activation was not abrogated in the presence of the protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
17067562 Frias MA, Rebsamen MC, Gerber-Wicht C, Lang U: Prostaglandin E2 activates Stat3 in neonatal rat ventricular cardiomyocytes: A role in cardiac hypertrophy. Cardiovasc Res. 2007 Jan 1;73(1):57-65. Epub 2006 Sep 27.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to investigate whether prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) induces Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (Stat3) activation in neonatal rat ventricular cardiomyocytes and if so to determine the possible role of this activation in PGE2-induced hypertrophic responses.
Nuclear Stat3 phosphorylation induced by PGE2 is also suppressed by the translation and transcription inhibitors, cycloheximide and actinomycin D, respectively.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
15721283 Choi WH, Ji KA, Jeon SB, Yang MS, Kim H, Min KJ, Shong M, Jou I, Joe EH: Anti-inflammatory roles of retinoic acid in rat brain astrocytes: Suppression of interferon-gamma-induced JAK/STAT phosphorylation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2005 Apr 1;329(1):125-31.

Both RA isoforms also reduced IFN-gamma-induced activation of signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT) 1, STAT3, Janus kinase (JAK) 1, and JAK2.
Furthermore, the effect of pre-treated RA was abolished in the presence of cycloheximide, indicating a requirement for de novo protein synthesis.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
16669788 Bhattacharya S, Ray RM, Johnson LR: Integrin beta3-mediated Src activation regulates apoptosis in IEC-6 cells via Akt and STAT3. Biochem J. 2006 Aug 1;397(3):437-47.

Arg-Gly-Asp-Ser inhibited beta3, Src and Akt phosphorylation and sensitized polyamine-depleted cells to tumour necrosis factor alpha/cycloheximide-mediated apoptosis.
4(0,0,0,4) Details
19457567 Jiang JX, Mikami K, Venugopal S, Li Y, Torok NJ: Apoptotic body engulfment by hepatic stellate cells promotes their survival by the JAK/STAT and Akt/NF-kappaB-dependent pathways. J Hepatol. 2009 Jul;51(1):139-48. Epub 2009 May 3.

RESULTS: Phagocytosing HSC were resistant to FasL/cycloheximide or TRAIL-induced apoptosis.
Phagocytosis induced JAK1/STAT3 phosphorylation, and this was prevented by inhibiting JAK.
2(0,0,0,2) Details
19248116 Yammani RR, Long D, Loeser RF: Interleukin-7 stimulates secretion of S100A4 by activating the JAK/STAT signaling pathway in human articular chondrocytes. Arthritis Rheum. 2009 Mar;60(3):792-800.

Cells were pretreated with either a JAK-3 inhibitor, brefeldin A, or cycloheximide.
IL-7 activated the JAK/STAT pathway, with increased phosphorylation of JAK-3 and STAT-3, leading to increased production of S100A4 and MMP-13.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
17673207 Rahman M, Nara H, Onoda T, Araki A, Li J, Hoshino T, Asao H: Cloning and characterization of an isoform of interleukin-21. . FEBS Lett. 2007 Aug 21;581(21):4001-9. Epub 2007 Jul 25.

Furthermore IL-21 and IL-21iso similarly activated STAT1 and STAT3.
However, cycloheximide treatment partially blocked the upregulation of IL-21iso mRNA in activated T cells while little affected the IL-21 mRNA expression suggesting that de novo protein synthesis is required for the full expression of IL-21iso transcript.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
19337795 Wang Y, Chen B, Shen D, Xue S: Osteopontin protects against cardiac ischemia-reperfusion injury through late preconditioning. Heart Vessels. 2009 Mar;24(2):116-23. Epub 2009 Apr 1.

The protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide (CH) was used in this model to test if new protein synthesis was necessary for its cardioprotective effects.
Nuclear factor kappa B and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), two main transcription factors involved in late preconditioning, were investigated by electrophoretic mobility shift assay.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
17825525 Ray RM, Bhattacharya S, Johnson LR: EGFR plays a pivotal role in the regulation of polyamine-dependent apoptosis in intestinal epithelial cells. Cell Signal. 2007 Dec;19(12):2519-27. Epub 2007 Aug 15.


We have previously shown that DFMO leads to the inhibition of de novo polyamine synthesis, which in turn rapidly activates Src, STAT3 and NF-kappaB via integrin beta3 in intestinal epithelial cells.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
16581346 Tamai M, Kawakami A, Tanaka F, Miyashita T, Nakamura H, Iwanaga N, Izumi Y, Arima K, Aratake K, Huang M, Kamachi M, Ida H, Origuchi T, Eguchi K: Significant inhibition of TRAIL-mediated fibroblast-like synovial cell apoptosis by IFN-gamma through JAK/STAT pathway by translational regulation. J Lab Clin Med. 2006 Apr;147(4):182-90.


Janus kinase (JAK)-induced phosphorylation of STAT1/3/6, which acts at translational regulation, seemed to be crucial because chemical inhibition of JAK as well as cycloheximide (CHX) abolished both the phosphorylation of STAT1/3/6 and the IFN-gamma-induced inhibitory effect.
0(0,0,0,0) Details
16951370 Rahman MS, Yamasaki A, Yang J, Shan L, Halayko AJ, Gounni AS: IL-17A induces eotaxin-1/CC chemokine ligand 11 expression in human airway smooth muscle cells: role of MAPK (Erk1/2, JNK, and p38) pathways. J Immunol. 2006 Sep 15;177(6):4064-71.


Moreover, IL-17A significantly induced eotaxin-1/CCL11 release and mRNA expression, an effect that was abrogated with cycloheximide and actinomycin D treatment.
0(0,0,0,0) Details
15806306 Tanaka F, Kawakami A, Tamai M, Nakamura H, Iwanaga N, Izumi Y, Arima K, Aratake K, Huang M, Kamachi M, Ida H, Origuchi T, Eguchi K: IFN-gamma/JAK/STAT pathway-induced inhibition of DR4 and DR5 expression on endothelial cells is cancelled by cycloheximide-sensitive mechanism: novel finding of cycloheximide-regulating death receptor expression. Int J Mol Med. 2005 May;15(5):833-9.

0(0,0,0,0) Details