Protein Information

Name glucocorticoid receptor
Synonyms GCCR; GCR; GR; GRL; Glucocorticoid receptor; NR3C1; Glucocorticoid receptors

Compound Information

Name cycloheximide
CAS

Reference List

PubMed Abstract RScore(About this table)
15862954 Siriani D, Mitsiou DJ, Alexis MN: Heat-induced degradation of overexpressed glucocorticoid receptor Separate protective roles of hsp90 and hsp70. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2005 Feb;94(1-3):93-101. Epub 2005 Feb 24.

About 40% of this aggregated receptor was degraded in cells recovering at 37 degrees C in the presence of cycloheximide.
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15802531 Baumann S, Dostert A, Novac N, Bauer A, Schmid W, Fas SC, Krueger A, Heinzel T, Kirchhoff S, Schutz G, Krammer PH: Glucocorticoids inhibit activation-induced cell death (AICD) via direct DNA-dependent repression of the CD95 ligand gene by a glucocorticoid receptor dimer. Blood. 2005 Jul 15;106(2):617-25. Epub 2005 Mar 31.

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17026526 Morsink MC, Joels M, Sarabdjitsingh RA, Meijer OC, De Kloet ER, Datson NA: The dynamic pattern of glucocorticoid receptor-mediated transcriptional responses in neuronal PC12 cells. J Neurochem. 2006 Nov;99(4):1282-98. Epub 2006 Oct 2.

Real-time quantatitive PCR of transcripts in cycloheximide-treated cells showed that all five GR-responsive genes selected from the 1-h time point were primary responsive, whereas all four GR-responsive genes selected from the 3-h time point were downstream responsive.
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16198345 Lim WC, Park M, Bahn JJ, Inoue H, Lee YJ: Hypertonic sodium chloride induction of cyclooxygenase-2 occurs independently of NF-kappaB and is inhibited by the glucocorticoid receptor in A549 cells. FEBS Lett. 2005 Oct 10;579(24):5430-6.

This induction was a transcriptional event that occurred in the absence of the protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide and was the result of enhanced promoter activity, as examined with the use of full-length COX-2 promoter-driven reporter plasmids.
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19648110 King EM, Holden NS, Gong W, Rider CF, Newton R: Inhibition of NF-kappaB-dependent transcription by MKP-1: transcriptional repression by glucocorticoids occurring via p38 MAPK. J Biol Chem. 2009 Sep 25;284(39):26803-15. Epub 2009 Jul 31.


Acting via the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), glucocorticoids exert potent anti-inflammatory effects partly by repressing inflammatory gene transcription occurring via factors such as NF-kappaB.
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16428353 Boixel C, Gavillet B, Rougier JS, Abriel H: Aldosterone increases voltage-gated sodium current in ventricular myocytes. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2006 Jun;290(6):H2257-66. Epub 2006 Jan 20.

In 24-h coincubation experiments, with the use of actinomycin D, cycloheximide, or brefeldin A, the effect of aldosterone on I (Na) was abolished.
Spironolactone (mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist, 10 microM) prevented the 1 microM aldosterone-dependent I (Na) increase, whereas RU-38486 (glucocorticoid receptor antagonist, 10 microM) did not.
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17537407 Barar J, Campbell L, Hollins AJ, Thomas NP, Smith MW, Morris CJ, Gumbleton M: Cell selective glucocorticoid induction of caveolin-1 and caveolae in differentiating pulmonary alveolar epithelial cell cultures. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2007 Jul 27;359(2):360-6. Epub 2007 May 24.

Here, we show in both a primary differentiating rat alveolar culture, and a human alveolar cell line (A549) that caveolae formation and caveolin-1 expression are dependent upon dexamethasone Dex, and is inhibited by the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) antagonist, mifepristone.
The actions of glucocorticoid upon caveolin-1 appear indirect acting via intermediary genes as evidenced by cycloheximide (CHX) abolition of Dex-induced increases in caveolin-1 mRNA and by recombinant transfection studies using the caveolin-1 promoter cloned upstream of a reporter gene.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
19225053 Pergher PS, Leite-Dellova D, de Mello-Aires M: Direct action of aldosterone on bicarbonate reabsorption in in vivo cortical proximal tubule. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2009 May;296(5):F1185-93. Epub 2009 Feb 18.

In the presence of ethanol (in similar concentration used to prepare the hormonal solution), spironolactone (10 (-6) M, a mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist), actinomycin D (10 (-6) M, an inhibitor of gene transcription), or cycloheximide (40 mM, an inhibitor of protein synthesis), the J (HCO (3)(-)) and the [Ca (2+)](i) were not different from the control value; these drugs also did not prevent the stimulatory effect of aldosterone on J (HCO (3)(-)) and on [Ca (2+)](i).
However, in the presence of RU 486 alone [10 (-6) M, a classic glucocorticoid receptor (GR) antagonist], a significant decrease on J (HCO (3)(-)) and on [Ca (2+)](i) was observed; this antagonist also inhibited the stimulatory effect of aldosterone on J (HCO (3)(-)) and on [Ca (2+)](i).
1(0,0,0,1) Details
19162058 Roy B, Rai U: Genomic and non-genomic effect of cortisol on phagocytosis in freshwater teleost Channa punctatus: an in vitro study. Steroids. 2009 Apr-May;74(4-5):449-55. Epub 2008 Dec 31.


These membrane-bound glucocorticoid receptors seem similar to cytosolic GR, as rapid inhibitory effect of cortisol was blocked by the cytoplasmic glucocorticoid receptor blocker RU-486.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
16125142 Sugiyama T, Yoshimoto T, Hirono Y, Suzuki N, Sakurada M, Tsuchiya K, Minami I, Iwashima F, Sakai H, Tateno T, Sato R, Hirata Y: Aldosterone increases osteopontin gene expression in rat endothelial cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2005 Oct 14;336(1):163-7.


The aldosterone-induced osteopontin mRNA expression was completely blocked by a transcription inhibitor, actinomycin D, and a protein synthesis inhibitor, cycloheximide.
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19190257 Goto J, Otsuka F, Yamashita M, Suzuki J, Otani H, Takahashi H, Miyoshi T, Mimura Y, Ogura T, Makino H: Enhancement of aldosterone-induced catecholamine production by bone morphogenetic protein-4 through activating Rho and SAPK/JNK pathway in adrenomedullar cells. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2009 Apr;296(4):E904-16. Epub 2009 Feb 3.


Cycloheximide reduced both aldosterone- and dexamethasone-induced TH mRNA.
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18360057 Hayashi H, Kobara M, Abe M, Tanaka N, Gouda E, Toba H, Yamada H, Tatsumi T, Nakata T, Matsubara H: Aldosterone nongenomically produces NADPH oxidase-dependent reactive oxygen species and induces myocyte apoptosis. Hypertens Res. 2008 Feb;31(2):363-75.


Neither an inhibitor for nuclear transcription (actinomycin D) nor an inhibitor of new protein synthesis (cycloheximide) blocked this rapid activation, and specific binding of aldosterone to plasma membrane fraction was inhibited by eplerenone, suggesting a nongenomic mechanism.
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18221228 Capasso A: Glucocorticoids involvement in the control of CNS excitability. Recent Pat CNS Drug Discov. 2007 Jun;2(2):155-65.

The ability of actinomicyn D and/or cycloheximide as well as of RU-38486 to block dexamethasone's effects indicates that the steroid's interference with psychostimulants-mediated effects involve a protein-synthesis-dependent mechanism via glucocorticoid receptors.
81(1,1,1,1) Details
16971495 Wang D, Zhang H, Lang F, Yun CC: Acute activation of NHE3 by dexamethasone correlates with activation of SGK1 and requires a functional glucocorticoid receptor. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 2007 Jan;292(1):C396-404. Epub 2006 Sep 13.

Chronic regulation (24 h) of NHE3 was blocked completely by prevention of protein synthesis with cycloheximide or actinomycin D and by the glucocorticoid receptor blocker RU486.
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16111661 Komatsuzaki Y, Murakami G, Tsurugizawa T, Mukai H, Tanabe N, Mitsuhashi K, Kawata M, Kimoto T, Ooishi Y, Kawato S: Rapid spinogenesis of pyramidal neurons induced by activation of glucocorticoid receptors in adult male rat hippocampus. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2005 Oct 7;335(4):1002-7.

Because the presence of 10 microM cycloheximide, an inhibitor of protein synthesis, did not suppress the DEX effect, these responses are probably non-genomic.
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16510135 Mulholland PJ, Self RL, Hensley AK, Little HJ, Littleton JM, Prendergast MA: A 24 h corticosterone exposure exacerbates excitotoxic insult in rat hippocampal slice cultures independently of glucocorticoid receptor activation or protein synthesis. Brain Res. 2006 Apr 12;1082(1):165-72. Epub 2006 Feb 28.

In contrast, 24 h exposure with the MR antagonist spironolactone (1-10 microM), the GR antagonist RU-486 (1-10 microM), or the protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide (1 microM) failed to reduce the significant increase in propidium iodide uptake.
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15899836 Tran T, Shatnawi A, Zheng X, Kelley KM, Ratnam M: Enhancement of folate receptor alpha expression in tumor cells through the glucocorticoid receptor: a promising means to improved tumor detection and targeting. Cancer Res. 2005 May 15;65(10):4431-41.

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