| Name | glutathione reductase |
|---|---|
| Synonyms | GLUR; GR; GRD 1; GRD1; GRase; GSR; Glutathione reductase; GRases… |
| Name | paraquat |
|---|---|
| CAS | 1,1′-dimethyl-4,4′-bipyridinium |
| PubMed | Abstract | RScore(About this table) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 12453665 | Akerman G, Amcoff P, Tjarnlund U, Fogelberg K, Torrissen O, Balk L: Paraquat and exposure of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)--studies of effects on the - shunt and levels in liver and kidney. Chem Biol Interact. 2003 Jan 6;142(3):269-83. The results showed that paraquat caused a large increase in hepatic glutathione reductase activity and induced hepatic glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity, i.e., the rate-limiting enzyme in the oxidative part of the - shunt. |
7(0,0,1,2) | Details |
| 15093102 | Patra J, Panda BB: A comparison of biochemical responses to oxidative and metal stress in seedlings of barley, Hordeum vulgare L. Environ Pollut. 1998;101(1):99-105. Biochemical responses on the bases of activities of antioxidant enzymes; peroxidase, catalase, superoxide dismutase and glutathione reductase as well as estimations of total protein, lipid peroxidation and thiols in the form of protein, non-protein, and phytochelatin measured in growing seedlings of barley, Hordeum vulgare L., from Day 2 through 8 were compared following treatment of seeds for 2 h with oxidative agents, paraquat 5 x 10 (-5), 10 (-4), 10 (-3) M, H2O2 10 (-3), 5 x 10 (-3), 10 (-2) M and a metal salt, CdSO4 10 (-5), 10 (-4), 10 (-3) M. |
7(0,0,1,2) | Details |
| 17569284 | Ray S, Sengupta A, Ray A: Effects of paraquat on anti-oxidant system in rats. Indian J Exp Biol. 2007 May;45(5):432-8. Glutathione reductase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity decreased, whereas the activity of glutathione-S-transferase, peroxidase, catalase and superoxide dismutase increased in paraquat exposure. |
6(0,0,1,1) | Details |
| 12954614 | Jurado J, Prieto-Alamo MJ, Madrid-Risquez J, Pueyo C: Absolute gene expression patterns of thioredoxin and glutaredoxin redox systems in mouse. J Biol Chem. 2003 Nov 14;278(46):45546-54. Epub 2003 Sep 3. This work provides the first absolute expression patterns of genes coding for all known components of both thioredoxin (Trx) and glutaredoxin (Grx) systems in mouse: Trx1, Trx2, Grx1, Grx2, TrxR1, TrxR2, thioredoxin/glutathione reductase, and glutathione reductase. Quantitations reported establish differences among adult organs and embryonic stages, compare mRNA decay rates, explore the significance of alternative mRNA isoforms derived from TrxR1 and Grx2 genes, and examine the time-course expression upon stress promoted by paraquat. |
2(0,0,0,2) | Details |
| 15077630 | Ananieva EA, Christov KN, Popova LP: Exogenous treatment with leads to increased antioxidant capacity in leaves of barley plants exposed to paraquat. J Plant Physiol. 2004 Mar;161(3):319-28. To further define the role of SA in paraquat induced responses, we analysed the capacity of the antioxidative defence system by measuring the activities of several antioxidative enzymes: superoxide dismutase (SOD, EC 1.15.1.1), peroxidase (APX, EC 1.11.1.11), glutathione reductase (GR, EC 1.6.4.2), reductase (DHAR, EC 1.8.5.1), catalase (CAT, EC 1.11.1.6), and peroxidase (POX, EC 1.11.1.7). |
6(0,0,1,1) | Details |
| 10806371 | Bayoumi AE, Perez-Pertejo Y, Ordonez C, Reguera RM, Cubria JC, Balana-Fouce R, Ordonez D: Alterations on polyamine content and glutathione metabolism induced by different concentrations of paraquat in CHO-K1 cells. Toxicol In Vitro. 2000 Jun;14(3):211-7. After 24hr of incubation with paraquat, peroxidase suffered a large dose-response increase, unlike glutathione reductase and S-transferase, the activities of which were lower than untreated controls. |
6(0,0,1,1) | Details |
| 17275934 | Finne EF, Cooper GA, Koop BF, Hylland K, Tollefsen KE: Toxicogenomic responses in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) hepatocytes exposed to model chemicals and a synthetic mixture. Aquat Toxicol. 2007 Mar 10;81(3):293-303. Epub 2007 Jan 4. More precisely, the responses of biomarker genes such as cytochrome p4501A and UDP-glucuronosyl transferase to TCDD exposure, glutathione reductase and gammaglutamyl synthetase to paraquat exposure, as well as vitellogenin and vitelline envelope protein to EE2 exposure validated the use of microarray applied to RNA extracted from in vitro exposed hepatocytes. |
6(0,0,1,1) | Details |
| 12021807 | Pinheiro R, Belo I, Mota M: Oxidative stress response of Kluyveromyces marxianus to peroxide, paraquat and pressure. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2002 May;58(6):842-7. Epub 2002 Feb 8. The exposure for 1 h of K. marxianus at exponential growth phase with either H (2) O (2) or paraquat, under air pressure of 120 kPa or 600 kPa, induced an increase in both superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione reductase (GR) content. |
6(0,0,1,1) | Details |
| 15465637 | Peixoto F, Vicente J, Madeira VM: A comparative study of plant and animal mitochondria exposed to paraquat reveals that peroxide is not related to the observed toxicity. Toxicol In Vitro. 2004 Dec;18(6):733-9. The levels of superoxide dismutase and glutathione reductase are concurrent with the different sensitivities to paraquat, with higher activities in plant mitochondria. |
6(0,0,1,1) | Details |
| 11200086 | Bellaire BA, Carmody J, Braud J, Gossett DR, Banks SW, Lucas MC, Fowler TE: Involvement of abscisic acid-dependent and -independent pathways in the upregulation of antioxidant enzyme activity during NaCl stress in cotton callus tissue. Free Radic Res. 2000 Nov;33(5):531-45. Treatment with NaCl resulted in a rapid increase (within 30 minutes) in the ABA levels of the callus tissue, and the NaCl, ABA, and paraquat treatments induced rapid increases in the activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxidase, and glutathione reductase. |
6(0,0,1,1) | Details |
| 19806191 | Gallo V, Schwarzer E, Rahlfs S, Schirmer RH, van Zwieten R, Roos D, Arese P, Becker K: Inherited glutathione reductase deficiency and Plasmodium falciparum malaria--a case study. PLoS One. 2009 Oct 6;4(10):e7303. Drug sensitivity to chloroquine, artemisinin, and methylene blue was comparable to parasites grown in GR-sufficient RBCs and sensitivity towards paraquat and sodium nitroprusside was only slightly enhanced. |
2(0,0,0,2) | Details |
| 12018846 | Lee H, Won SH, Lee BH, Park HD, Chung WI, Jo J: Genomic cloning and characterization of glutathione reductase gene from Brassica campestris var. Mol Cells. 2002 Apr 30;13(2):245-51. The transcription is strongly induced by various stress treatments including ozone, paraquat, salt, peroxide, chilling or ABA but depressed by heat treatment. |
2(0,0,0,2) | Details |
| 15596144 | Yoon HS, Lee IA, Lee H, Lee BH, Jo J: Overexpression of a eukaryotic glutathione reductase gene from Brassica campestris improved resistance to oxidative stress in Escherichia coli. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2005 Jan 21;326(3):618-23. When treated with oxidative stress generating reagents such as paraquat, and cadmium, the BcGR overproducing E. coli exhibited a higher level of growth and survival rate than the control E. coli strain, but it was not as high as the E. coli strain transformed with the inducible EcGR. |
2(0,0,0,2) | Details |
| 19043665 | Ding S, Lu Q, Zhang Y, Yang Z, Wen X, Zhang L, Lu C: Enhanced sensitivity to oxidative stress in transgenic tobacco plants with decreased glutathione reductase activity leads to a decrease in pool and redox state. Plant Mol Biol. 2009 Mar;69(5):577-92. Epub 2008 Nov 29. |
2(0,0,0,2) | Details |
| 17496130 | Jansch A, Korakli M, Vogel RF, Ganzle MG: Glutathione reductase from Lactobacillus sanfranciscensis DSM20451T: contribution to tolerance and thiol exchange reactions in wheat sourdoughs. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2007 Jul;73(14):4469-76. Epub 2007 May 11. Moreover, the gshR mutant strain was more sensitive to the -generating agent paraquat. |
2(0,0,0,2) | Details |
| 20116453 | Farmen E, Olsvik PA, Berntssen MH, Hylland K, Tollefsen KE: Oxidative stress responses in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) hepatocytes exposed to pro-oxidants and a complex environmental sample. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol. 2010 May;151(4):431-8. Epub 2010 Jan 28. The pro-oxidants CuSO (4) and paraquat were used as models for comparison to a complex environmental sample. Results following 6, 24, 48 and 96h exposure to different concentrations of these substances show cellular effects on intracellular ROS formation, levels and redox status, expression of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxidase, glutathione reductase, gamma-glutamyl- synthetase (GCS) and thioredoxin, as well as cytotoxicity parameters. |
1(0,0,0,1) | Details |
| 15641941 | Outten CE, Falk RL, Culotta VC: Cellular factors required for protection from hyperoxia toxicity in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Biochem J. 2005 May 15;388(Pt 1):93-101. Furthermore, two factors that help maintain mitochondrial GSH in the reduced form, namely the kinase Pos5p and the mitochondrial glutathione reductase (Glr1p), are critical for hyperoxia resistance, whereas their cytosolic counterparts are not. |
1(0,0,0,1) | Details |
| 12803620 | Jiang M, Zhang J: Cross-talk between and reactive species originated from oxidase in abscisic acid-induced antioxidant defence in leaves of maize seedlings. Plant Cell Environ. 2003 Jun;26(6):929-939. Treatment with ABA led to significant increases in the activity of plasma membrane oxidase, the production of leaf O2-, and the activities of several antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), peroxidase (APX) and glutathione reductase (GR). Treatment with oxidative stress induced by paraquat, which generates O2-, led to the induction of antioxidant defence enzymes, and the up-regulation was suppressed by the pretreatment of Ca2+ chelator and Ca2+ channel blockers. |
1(0,0,0,1) | Details |
| 15501432 | Dafre AL, Medeiros ID, Muller IC, Ventura EC, Bainy AC: Antioxidant enzymes and thiol/disulfide status in the digestive gland of the brown mussel Perna perna exposed to lead and paraquat. Chem Biol Interact. 2004 Oct 15;149(2-3):97-105. We were unable to detect an effect of Pb treatment on the enzymes, catalase, glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH), glutathione S-transferase (GST) and glutathione reductase -reductase), which contrasts to the effect of PQ, increasing -reductase and G6PDH, but decreasing GST activity. |
1(0,0,0,1) | Details |
| 15479627 | Choi DG, Yoo NH, Yu CY, de Los Reyes B, Yun SJ: The activities of antioxidant enzymes in response to oxidative stresses and hormones in paraquat-tolerant Rehmannia glutinosa plants. J Biochem Mol Biol. 2004 Sep 30;37(5):618-24. The levels of peroxidase (APX), glutathione reductase (GR), non-specific peroxidase (POX), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were 7.3-, 4.9-, 2.7- and 1.6-fold higher in PQ-tolerant R. glutinosa than in PQ-susceptible soybeans. |
1(0,0,0,1) | Details |
| 12379427 | Stephensen E, Sturve J, Forlin L: Effects of redox cycling compounds on content and activity of -related enzymes in rainbow trout liver. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol. 2002 Nov;133(3):435-42. To study if hepatic levels and/or activities of -related enzymes can act as indicators of oxidative stress in fish, we injected rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) intraperitoneally with paraquat (PQ), (MD), naphthazarin (DHNQ), or beta-naphthoflavone (beta-NF), all known to cause a rise in reactive oxygen species (ROS). After 2 and 5 days of exposure, we measured the activities of hepatic peroxidase (GPox), glutathione S-transferase (GST), gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase (GCS), and glutathione reductase (GR). |
1(0,0,0,1) | Details |
| 11178967 | Kim HS, Lee TB, Choi CH: Down-regulation of catalase gene expression in the doxorubicin-resistant AML subline AML-2/DX100. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2001 Feb 16;281(1):109-14. The AML-2/DX100 also showed various levels of resistance to daunorubicin and vincristine but was paradoxically sensitive to peroxide (5-fold), t-butyl hydroperoxide (3-fold), and paraquat (2-fold) when compared to the drug-sensitive parental AML-2 cells (AML-2/WT). We compared the activities of antioxidant enzymes to detoxify reactive species (ROS), including superoxide dismutases, glutathione S-transferase, catalase, glutathione reductase, peroxidase, and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in both AML-2/WT and AML-2/DX100. |
1(0,0,0,1) | Details |
| 12432032 | Jiang M, Zhang J: Water stress-induced abscisic acid accumulation triggers the increased generation of reactive species and up-regulates the activities of antioxidant enzymes in maize leaves. J Exp Bot. 2002 Dec;53(379):2401-10. The interrelationship among water-stress-induced abscisic acid (ABA) accumulation, the generation of reactive species (ROS), and the activities of several antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), peroxidase (APX), and glutathione reductase (GR) was investigated in leaves of detached maize (Zea mays L.) plants exposed to -0.7 MPa water stress induced by polyethylene glycol (PEG 6000). A mild oxidative stress induced by paraquat, which generates O (2)(-) and then H (2) O (2), resulted in a significant enhancement in the activities of antioxidant enzymes in non-water-stressed leaves. |
1(0,0,0,1) | Details |
| 16049674 | Hu X, Jiang M, Zhang A, Lu J: Abscisic acid-induced apoplastic H2O2 accumulation up-regulates the activities of chloroplastic and cytosolic antioxidant enzymes in maize leaves. Planta. 2005 Dec;223(1):57-68. Epub 2005 Jul 28. Meanwhile, ABA treatment led to a significant increase in the activities of the leaf chloroplastic and cytosolic antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (APX) and glutathione reductase (GR), and pretreatment with the oxidase inhibitor diphenyleneiodonium (DPI), the O (2) (-) scavenger Tiron and the H (2) O (2) scavenger dimethylthiourea (DMTU) almost completely arrested the increase in the activities of these antioxidant enzymes. Moreover, an oxidative stress induced by paraquat (PQ), which generates O (2) (-) and then H (2) O (2) in chloroplasts, also up-regulated the activities of the chloroplastic and cytosolic antioxidant enzymes, and the up-regulation was blocked by the pretreatment with Tiron and DMTU. |
1(0,0,0,1) | Details |
| 12898709 | Hwang CS, Baek YU, Yim HS, Kang SO: Protective roles of mitochondrial manganese-containing superoxide dismutase against various stresses in Candida albicans. Yeast. 2003 Aug;20(11):929-41. Moreover, disruption or overexpression of SOD2 increased or decreased glutathione reductase activity and -resistant respiration by alternative oxidase, respectively. |
1(0,0,0,1) | Details |
| 16386429 | Song XS, Hu WH, Mao WH, Ogweno JO, Zhou YH, Yu JQ: Response of peroxidase isoenzymes and regeneration system to abiotic stresses in Cucumis sativus L. Plant Physiol Biochem. 2005 Dec;43(12):1082-8. Epub 2005 Dec 5. In order to better clarify the response of APX isoenzymes and AsA regeneration enzymes to abiotic stresses, the activities of APX isoenzymes as well as monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDAR), glutathione reductase (GR) and reductase (DHAR) were investigated in cucumber plants after heat, methyl viologen (MV) and H (2) O (2) treatments. |
1(0,0,0,1) | Details |
| 19778406 | Ding HD, Zhang XH, Xu SC, Sun LL, Jiang MY, Zhang AY, Jin YG: Induction of protection against paraquat-induced oxidative damage by abscisic acid in maize leaves is mediated through mitogen-activated protein kinase. J Integr Plant Biol. 2009 Oct;51(10):961-72. Two inhibitors also suppressed the total activities of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD, EC 1.15.1.1), catalase (CAT, EC 1.11.1.6), peroxidase (APX, EC 1.11.1.11), and glutathione reductase (GR, EC 1.6.4.2). |
1(0,0,0,1) | Details |
| 12715897 | Missirlis F, Rahlfs S, Dimopoulos N, Bauer H, Becker K, Hilliker A, Phillips JP, Jackle H: A putative peroxidase of Drosophila encodes a thioredoxin peroxidase that provides resistance against oxidative stress but fails to complement a lack of catalase activity. Biol Chem. 2003 Mar;384(3):463-72. Cellular defense systems against reactive species (ROS) include thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) and glutathione reductase (GR). |
1(0,0,0,1) | Details |
| 14713163 | Lederer B, Boger P: Antioxidative responses of tobacco expressing a bacterial glutathione reductase. Z Naturforsch C. 2003 Nov-Dec;58(11-12):843-9. In contrast to the wild type, the transgenic tobacco suffered lipid peroxidation under moderate light intensities, while it was found to be more resistant towards oxidative stress induced by paraquat or peroxide. |
1(0,0,0,1) | Details |
| 15754033 | Tomita M, Katsuyama H, Okuyama T, Hidaka K, Minatogawa Y: Changes in gene expression level for defense system enzymes against oxidative stress and level in rat administered paraquat. Int J Mol Med. 2005 Apr;15(4):689-93. At 16 h after PQ intake, the mRNA expression level of glutathione reductase (GR) showed the greatest increase, and those of catalase (CAT) and manganese-superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) showed more modest increases. |
1(0,0,0,1) | Details |
| 18436336 | Peixoto FP, Gomes-Laranjo J, Vicente JA, Madeira VM: Comparative effects of the herbicides dicamba, 2,4-D and paraquat on non-green potato tuber calli. J Plant Physiol. 2008 Jul 31;165(11):1125-33. Epub 2008 Apr 23. Glutathione reductase (GR) activity was induced by all the herbicides, suggesting that and -dependent enzymes are putatively involved in the detoxification of these herbicides. |
1(0,0,0,1) | Details |
| 15153190 | Badawi GH, Kawano N, Yamauchi Y, Shimada E, Sasaki R, Kubo A, Tanaka K: Over-expression of peroxidase in tobacco chloroplasts enhances the tolerance to salt stress and water deficit. Physiol Plant. 2004 Jun;121(2):231-238. APX fused downstream to the chloroplast sequence from A. thaliana glutathione reductase, was cloned into appropriate binary vector and mobilized into Agrobacterium tumefaciens C58C2. During early investigation, this line showed enhanced tolerance to the active -generating paraquat and |
1(0,0,0,1) | Details |
| 19508366 | Wan X, Tan J, Lu S, Lin C, Hu Y, Guo Z: Increased tolerance to oxidative stress in transgenic tobacco expressing a wheat oxidase gene via induction of antioxidant enzymes is mediated by H2O2. Physiol Plant. 2009 May;136(1):30-44. Epub 2009 Feb 12. Higher activities and transcripts of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxidase and glutathione reductase) were observed in the transgenic plants compared to their wild-type controls under normal growth conditions. |
1(0,0,0,1) | Details |
| 12756914 | Kwon SY, Choi SM, Ahn YO, Lee HS, Lee HB, Park YM, Kwak SS: Enhanced stress-tolerance of transgenic tobacco plants expressing a human reductase gene. J Plant Physiol. 2003 Apr;160(4):347-53. Interestingly, transgenic plants also showed a 1.43 times higher glutathione reductase activity than NT plants. |
1(0,0,0,1) | Details |
| 18849295 | Colville L, Smirnoff N: Antioxidant status, peroxidase activity, and PR protein transcript levels in -deficient Arabidopsis thaliana vtc mutants. J Exp Bot. 2008;59(14):3857-68. Epub 2008 Oct 9. Endochitinase transcript levels increased after paraquat, and UV-C treatment, PR1 after treatment, and PR2 after paraquat and UV-C treatment. |
0(0,0,0,0) | Details |
| 12422520 | Asma D, Yesilada O: Effect of paraquat on cellular defense enzymes and level of Funalia trogii. Folia Microbiol. 2002;47(4):413-6. |
0(0,0,0,0) | Details |
| 16263688 | Yang W, Tiffany-Castiglioni E: The bipyridyl herbicide paraquat produces oxidative stress-mediated toxicity in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells: relevance to the dopaminergic pathogenesis. J Toxicol Environ Health A. 2005 Nov 26;68(22):1939-61. |
0(0,0,0,0) | Details |
| 11762696 | Si ML, Al-Sharafi B, Lai CC, Khardori R, Chang C, Su CY: Gender difference in cytoprotection induced by on female and male bovine aortic endothelial cells. Endocrine. 2001 Aug;15(3):255-62. Bovine aortic endothelial cells from both genders were preconditioned for 24 h with E2 (1 nM to 10 microM), and their resistance to paraquat (1 mM, 3 h), a generator, was measured using an MTT assay. |
0(0,0,0,0) | Details |