| Name | Paraoxonase |
|---|---|
| Synonyms | A esterase 1; Aromatic esterase 1; Arylesterase; ESA; Esterase A; K 45; PON; PON 1… |
| Name | parathion |
|---|---|
| CAS |
| PubMed | Abstract | RScore(About this table) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 16640555 | Amitai G, Gaidukov L, Adani R, Yishay S, Yacov G, Kushnir M, Teitlboim S, Lindenbaum M, Bel P, Khersonsky O, Tawfik DS, Meshulam H: Enhanced stereoselective hydrolysis of toxic organophosphates by directly evolved variants of mammalian serum paraoxonase. FEBS J. 2006 May;273(9):1906-19. The active-site mutant H115W exhibited 270-380-fold enhancement toward hydrolysis of the P-S bond in parathiol, a phosphorothiolate analog of parathion. |
6(0,0,0,6) | Details |
| 18711144 | Stevens RC, Suzuki SM, Cole TB, Park SS, Richter RJ, Furlong CE: Engineered recombinant human paraoxonase 1 (rHuPON1) purified from Escherichia coli protects against organophosphate poisoning. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008 Sep 2;105(35):12780-4. Epub 2008 Aug 18. Experiments with mice lacking PON1 (PON1 (-/-) mice) have established that plasma PON1 protects against chlorpyrifos/chlorpyrifos-oxon and diazinon/diazoxon (DZO) exposure but does not protect against parathion/paraoxon or nerve agents. |
4(0,0,0,4) | Details |
| 14527200 | Scacchi R, Corbo RM, Rickards O, De Stefano GF: New data on the world distribution of paraoxonase (PON1 Gln 192 --> Arg) gene frequencies. Hum Biol. 2003 Jun;75(3):365-73. These determine two different isoforms associated, respectively, with lower and higher activity towards paraoxon, a toxic metabolic product of the insecticide parathion. |
3(0,0,0,3) | Details |
| 12625227 | Lee BW, London L, Paulauskis J, Myers J, Christiani DC: Association between human paraoxonase gene polymorphism and chronic symptoms in pesticide-exposed workers. J Occup Environ Med. 2003 Feb;45(2):118-22. Pesticides, such as parathion, are metabolized by cytochrome p-450 system to paraoxon, which is a potent cholinesterase inhibitor. |
3(0,0,0,3) | Details |
| 15876422 | Kiderlen D, Eyer P, Worek F: Formation and disposition of diethylphosphoryl-obidoxime, a potent anticholinesterase that is hydrolyzed by human paraoxonase (PON1). Biochem Pharmacol. 2005 Jun 15;69(12):1853-67. Two parathion-poisoned patients with high and low POX-hydrolase activity responded well and poorly, respectively, to obidoxime treatment although the former patient had higher plasma paraoxon levels than the poor responder. |
3(0,0,0,3) | Details |
| 9988368 | Eyer F, Eyer P: Enzyme-based assay for quantification of paraoxon in blood of parathion poisoned patients. Hum Exp Toxicol. 1998 Dec;17(12):645-51. In human plasma, paraoxon was stabilized by inactivation of paraoxonase with EDTA and aluminon and by inhibition of butyrylcholinesterase with ethopropazine. |
1(0,0,0,1) | Details |
| 15199996 | Bastos VL, Alves MV, Bernardino G, Ceccarelli PS, Bastos JC: Paraoxonase activity in sera of four neotropical fish. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol. 2004 Apr;72(4):798-805. |
1(0,0,0,1) | Details |
| 9732404 | Pond AL, Chambers HW, Coyne CP, Chambers JE: Purification of two rat hepatic proteins with A-esterase activity toward chlorpyrifos-oxon and paraoxon. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1998 Sep;286(3):1404-11. A-esterases are -dependent hydrolases that can detoxify the active metabolites (oxons) of organophosphorus insecticides such as chlorpyrifos and parathion. The protein hydrolyzed chlorpyrifos-oxon and paraoxon, suggesting that arylesterase and A-esterase activities are attributable to the same liver protein (s). |
1(0,0,0,1) | Details |
| 11099640 | Karanth S, Pope C: Carboxylesterase and A-esterase activities during maturation and aging: relationship to the toxicity of chlorpyrifos and parathion in rats. Toxicol Sci. 2000 Dec;58(2):282-9. AEs (e.g., chlorpyrifos oxonase and paraoxonase) catalytically inactivate while CEs stoichiometrically eliminate OP anticholinesterases. |
1(0,0,0,1) | Details |
| 1664414 | Roy AC, Saha N, Tay JS, Ratnam SS: Serum paraoxonase polymorphism in three populations of southeast Asia. Hum Hered. 1991;41(4):265-9. Serum paraoxonase hydrolyzes paraoxon, the principal metabolite of the insecticide parathion. Three populations of southeast Asia comprising 194 Chinese, 159 Filipinos and 73 Dravidian Indians were investigated for serum paraoxonase polymorphism. |
1(0,0,0,1) | Details |
| 6636186 | Weitman SD, Vodicnik MJ, Lech JJ: Influence of pregnancy on parathion toxicity and disposition. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 1983 Nov;71(2):215-24. Decreased ability to detoxify paraoxon was also demonstrated by a significant reduction in serum paraoxonase activity during pregnancy. |
1(0,0,0,1) | Details |
| 16392809 | Briseno-Roa L, Hill J, Notman S, Sellers D, Smith AP, Timperley CM, Wetherell J, Williams NH, Williams GR, Fersht AR, Griffiths AD: Analogues with fluorescent leaving groups for screening and selection of enzymes that efficiently hydrolyze organophosphorus nerve agents. J Med Chem. 2006 Jan 12;49(1):246-55. This set included analogues of the pesticides paraoxon, parathion, and dimefox, and the nerve agents DFP, tabun, sarin, cyclosarin, soman, VX, and Russian-VX. Data from inhibition of acetylcholinesterase, in vivo toxicity tests of a representative analogue (cyclosarin), and kinetic studies with phosphotriesterase (PTE) from Pseudomonas diminuta, and a mammalian serum paraoxonase (PON1), confirmed that the analogues mimic the parent nerve agents effectively. |
1(0,0,0,1) | Details |
| 1658105 | Chaturvedi AK, Kuntz DJ, Rao NG: Metabolic aspects of the toxicology of mixtures of parathion, toxaphene and/or 2,4-D in mice. J Appl Toxicol. 1991 Aug;11(4):245-51. |
0(0,0,0,0) | Details |
| 11437059 | Olivier K, Liu J, Karanth S, Zhang H, Roane DS, Pope CN: feeding exacerbates parathion-induced neurotoxicity. J Toxicol Environ Health A. 2001 Jun 22;63(4):253-71. |
0(0,0,0,0) | Details |
| 2479288 | Furlong CE, Richter RJ, Seidel SL, Costa LG, Motulsky AG: Spectrophotometric assays for the enzymatic hydrolysis of the active metabolites of chlorpyrifos and parathion by plasma paraoxonase/arylesterase. Anal Biochem. 1989 Aug 1;180(2):242-7. |
86(1,1,1,6) | Details |
| 3008132 | Pawlowska D, Moniuszko-Jakoniuk J, Soltys M: The effect of chronic physical exercise on the activity of hydrolytic enzymes in acute poisoning with parathion-methyl in rats. Pol J Pharmacol Pharm. 1985 Sep-Oct;37(5):639-46. Parathion-methyl inhibited ChE and paraoxonase activities and an increased beta-gluc activity in the serum. |
83(1,1,1,3) | Details |
| 9746266 | Laplaud PM, Dantoine T, Chapman MJ: Paraoxonase as a risk marker for cardiovascular disease: facts and hypotheses. Clin Chem Lab Med. 1998 Jun;36(7):431-41. PON1 was originally found to be responsible for the hydrolysis of paraoxon, a catabolite of the insecticide parathion, but this enzyme is equally able to hydrolyze other substrates such as |
38(0,1,1,8) | Details |
| 1690462 | Costa LG, McDonald BE, Murphy SD, Omenn GS, Richter RJ, Motulsky AG, Furlong CE: Serum paraoxonase and its influence on paraoxon and chlorpyrifos-oxon toxicity in rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 1990 Mar 15;103(1):66-76. Paraoxon and chlorpyrifos-oxon, the active metabolites of the organophosphorus insecticides parathion and chlorpyrifos, respectively, are hydrolyzed by an "A"-esterase, paraoxonase, which is present in the sera of several mammalian species. |
38(0,1,1,8) | Details |
| 12519632 | Costa LG, Richter RJ, Li WF, Cole T, Guizzetti M, Furlong CE: Paraoxonase (PON 1) as a biomarker of susceptibility for organophosphate toxicity. Biomarkers. 2003 Jan-Feb;8(1):1-12. Paraoxonase (PON1) is an A-esterase capable of hydrolysing the active metabolites (oxons) of a number of organophosphorus (OP) insecticides such as parathion, diazinon and chlorpyrifos. |
38(0,1,1,8) | Details |
| 2458038 | Furlong CE, Richter RJ, Seidel SL, Motulsky AG: Role of genetic polymorphism of human plasma paraoxonase/arylesterase in hydrolysis of the insecticide metabolites chlorpyrifos oxon and paraoxon. Am J Hum Genet. 1988 Sep;43(3):230-8. Plasma paraoxonase is a polymorphic enzyme that hydrolyzes paraoxon, the active metabolite of the insecticide parathion. |
36(0,1,1,6) | Details |
| 19003935 | Unur M, Demirez E, Agachan B, Gormus U, Ergen A, Dalan B, Isbir T: The relationship of oral disturbances of diabetes mellitus patients with paraoxonase gene polymorphisms. Cell Biochem Funct. 2008 Dec;26(8):870-3. Paraoxonase (PON1) is an enzyme that is synthesized in liver and having the capability of hydrolasing the active metabolite of an insectisid, parathion. |
35(0,1,1,5) | Details |
| 12566597 | Pola R, Gaetani E, Flex A, Gerardino L, Aloi F, Flore R, Serricchio M, Pola P, Bernabei R: Lack of association between Alzheimer's disease and Gln-Arg 192 Q/R polymorphism of the PON-1 gene in an Italian population. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord. 2003;15(2):88-91. PON-1 is also an arylesterase that hydrolyzes paraoxon, an active toxic metabolite of parathion, thus providing protection against organophosphate poisoning and metabolization of environmental neurotoxins that might be responsible for neurodegeneration with aging. |
32(0,1,1,2) | Details |
| 3008131 | Pawlowska D, Moniuszko-Jakoniuk J, Soltys M: Parathion-methyl effect on the activity of hydrolytic enzymes after single physical exercise in rats. Pol J Pharmacol Pharm. 1985 Sep-Oct;37(5):629-38. In acute poisoning with parathion-methyl it was observed that ChE and paraoxonase activities were inhibited, while beta-gluc activity was enhanced in the serum. |
32(0,1,1,2) | Details |
| 12388841 | Gentry PR, Hack CE, Haber L, Maier A, Clewell HJ 3rd: An approach for the quantitative consideration of genetic polymorphism data in chemical risk assessment: examples with and parathion. Toxicol Sci. 2002 Nov;70(1):120-39. Our results suggest that polymorphisms in the PON1 gene, that give rise to allelic variants of paraoxonase, which is involved in the metabolism of paraoxon (a metabolite of parathion), make only a minor contribution to the overall variability in paraoxon tissue dose, while polymorphisms in the CYP2C9 gene, which gives rise to allelic variants of the major metabolic enzyme for account for a significant portion of the overall variability in (S)- tissue dose. |
31(0,1,1,1) | Details |
| 11022865 | Furlong CE, Li WF, Brophy VH, Jarvik GP, Richter RJ, Shih DM, Lusis AJ, Costa LG: The PON1 gene and detoxication. Neurotoxicology. 2000 Aug;21(4):581-7. It was also assumed that individuals with low PON1 activity would be more susceptible to paraoxon/parathion poisoning than individuals with higher PON1 activity. |
15(0,0,1,10) | Details |
| 10898114 | Brophy VH, Jarvik GP, Richter RJ, Rozek LS, Schellenberg GD, Furlong CE: Analysis of paraoxonase (PON1) L55M status requires both genotype and phenotype. Pharmacogenetics. 2000 Jul;10(5):453-60. PON1 also hydrolyses the bioactive oxon forms of organophosphorus pesticides such as parathion, diazinon and chlorpyrifos. |
15(0,0,1,10) | Details |
| 19907334 | Manthripragada AD, Costello S, Cockburn MG, Bronstein JM, Ritz B: Paraoxonase 1, agricultural organophosphate exposure, and Parkinson disease. Epidemiology. 2010 Jan;21(1):87-94. METHODS: We examined associations between Parkinson disease and the organophosphates diazinon, chlorpyrifos, and parathion, and the influence of a functional polymorphism at position 55 in the coding region of the PON1 gene (PON1-55). |
15(0,0,2,5) | Details |
| 19071155 | Richter RJ, Jarvik GP, Furlong CE: Paraoxonase 1 (PON1) status and substrate hydrolysis. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2009 Feb 15;235(1):1-9. Epub 2008 Nov 13. While PON1 (R192) hydrolyzes paraoxon approximately 9-times as efficiently as PON1 (Q192), the efficiency is insufficient to provide in vivo protection against paraoxon/parathion exposure. |
13(0,0,1,8) | Details |
| 9685159 | Shih DM, Gu L, Xia YR, Navab M, Li WF, Hama S, Castellani LW, Furlong CE, Costa LG, Fogelman AM, Lusis AJ: Mice lacking serum paraoxonase are susceptible to organophosphate toxicity and atherosclerosis. Nature. 1998 Jul 16;394(6690):284-7. Serum paraoxonase (PON1) is an esterase that is associated with high-density lipoproteins (HDLs) in the plasma; it is involved in the detoxification of organophosphate insecticides such as parathion and chlorpyrifos. |
12(0,0,1,7) | Details |
| 8857920 | Nevin DN, Zambon A, Furlong CE, Richter RJ, Humbert R, Hokanson JE, Brunzell JD: Paraoxonase genotypes, lipoprotein lipase activity, and HDL. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 1996 Oct;16(10):1243-9. Paraxonase, an enzyme associated with the high density lipoprotein (HDL) particle, hydrolyzes paraoxon, the active metabolite of the insecticide parathion. |
10(0,0,0,10) | Details |
| 3028323 | Diepgen TL, Geldmacher-von Mallinckrodt M: Interethnic differences in the detoxification of organophosphates: the human serum paraoxonase polymorphism. Arch Toxicol Suppl. 1986;9:154-8. Persons with low paraoxonase activity seem to be more endangered when handling parathion and related insecticides. |
10(0,0,1,5) | Details |
| 8896566 | Davies HG, Richter RJ, Keifer M, Broomfield CA, Sowalla J, Furlong CE: The effect of the human serum paraoxonase polymorphism is reversed with diazoxon, soman and sarin. Nat Genet. 1996 Nov;14(3):334-6. In 1990, there were 1.36 million kg of chlorpyrifos, 4.67 million kg of diazinon and 1.23 million kg of ethyl parathion manufactured in the USA (data supplied by the USEPA). |
9(0,0,0,9) | Details |
| 7693961 | Li WF, Costa LG, Furlong CE: Serum paraoxonase status: a major factor in determining resistance to organophosphates. J Toxicol Environ Health. 1993 Oct-Nov;40(2-3):337-46. A number of lines of evidence suggest that serum paraoxonase is protective against poisoning by organophosphorus substrates of this enzyme. Birds that have very low levels of paraoxon hydrolyzing activity in their sera are very susceptible to parathion poisoning. |
8(0,0,0,8) | Details |
| 8098250 | Humbert R, Adler DA, Disteche CM, Hassett C, Omiecinski CJ, Furlong CE: The molecular basis of the human serum paraoxonase activity polymorphism. Nat Genet. 1993 Jan;3(1):73-6. A genetic polymorphism of paraoxonase (PON) activity which determines high versus low paraoxon hydrolysis in human populations, may determine sensitivity to parathion poisoning. |
8(0,0,1,3) | Details |
| 7917064 | Pei L, McGuinn WD, Omburo G, Zitzer AH, Petrikovics I, Way JL: Spectrophotometric determination of paraoxonase within mouse carrier red blood cells. Biotechnol Appl Biochem. 1994 Aug;20 ( Pt 1):35-41. This enzyme has a broad substrate specificity that includes parathion, paraoxon, soman, sarin, di-isopropyl fluorophosphate and many other organophosphorus compounds. |
6(0,0,0,6) | Details |
| 17132760 | Mutch E, Daly AK, Williams FM: The Relationship between PON1 phenotype and PON1-192 genotype in detoxification of three oxons by human liver. Drug Metab Dispos. 2007 Feb;35(2):315-20. Epub 2006 Nov 28. Phosphorothioate pesticides (OP) such as diazinon, chlorpyrifos, and parathion are activated to highly toxic oxon metabolites by the cytochromes P450 (P450s), mainly in the liver. |
6(0,0,0,6) | Details |
| 6092281 | Singh S, Lehmann-Grube B, Goedde HW: Cytogenetic effects of paraoxon and methyl-parathion on cultured human lymphocytes: SCE, clastogenic activity and cell cycle delay. Int Arch Occup Environ Health. 1984;54(3):195-200. Paraoxon and methyl-parathion (Wofatox), frequently used organophosphate pesticides, were tested for cytogenetic effects in lymphocytes of persons with different phenotypes of paraoxonase activity. |
6(0,0,1,1) | Details |
| 15181664 | Eyer F, Meischner V, Kiderlen D, Thiermann H, Worek F, Haberkorn M, Felgenhauer N, Zilker T, Eyer P: Human parathion poisoning. Toxicol Rev. 2003;22(3):143-63. The proportion of plasma parathion to paraoxon varied from 0.3-30, pointing also to varying paraoxon elimination, as illustrated by one case with particularly low paraoxonase-1 activity. |
6(0,0,1,1) | Details |