Protein Information

Name catalase
Synonyms CAT; Catalase; Erythrocyte derived growth promoting factor; Carnitine O acetyltransferase; Carnitine acetylase; Carnitine acetyltransferase; CAT; Catalases…

Compound Information

Name lindane
CAS (1α,2α,3β,4α,5α,6β)-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexachlorocyclohexane

Reference List

PubMed Abstract RScore(About this table)
17997001 Saradha B, Vaithinathan S, Mathur PP: Lindane alters the levels of HSP70 and clusterin in adult rat testis. . Toxicology. 2008 Jan 14;243(1-2):116-23. Epub 2007 Oct 2.

Administration of lindane resulted in a sequential reduction in the activities of catalase and superoxide dismutase (SOD) with concomitant increase in the levels of lipid peroxidation.
81(1,1,1,1) Details
7512143 Junqueira VB, Bainy AC, Arisi AC, Azzalis LA, Simizu K, Pimentel R, Barros SB, Videla LA: Acute lindane intoxication: a study on lindane tissue concentration and oxidative stress-related parameters in liver and erythrocytes. J Biochem Toxicol. 1994 Feb;9(1):9-15.

Concomitantly, liver glutathione content and the activity of glutathione peroxidase-glutathione reductase couple were augmented by lindane treatment, without any change in superoxide dismutase activity, together with a reduction in that of catalase.
31(0,1,1,1) Details
9057899 Junqueira VB, Koch OR, Arisi AC, Fuzaro AP, Azzalis LA, Barros SB, Cravero A, Farre S, Videla LA: Regression of morphological alterations and oxidative stress-related parameters after acute lindane-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Toxicology. 1997 Feb 28;117(2-3):199-205.

One day after lindane treatment, a significant enhancement in the oxidative stress status of the liver was observed, characterized by an increase in thiobarbituric acid reactants production and in the microsomal generation of superoxide radical (O.-2) coupled to cytochrome P450 induction, and a decrement in the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase.
31(0,1,1,1) Details
15519458 Khessiba A, Romeo M, Aissa P: Effects of some environmental parameters on catalase activity measured in the mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis) exposed to lindane. Environ Pollut. 2005 Jan;133(2):275-81.
15(0,0,2,5) Details
11561191 Chitra KC, Sujatha R, Latchoumycandane C, Mathur PP: Effect of lindane on antioxidant enzymes in epididymis and epididymal sperm of adult rats. Asian J Androl. 2001 Sep;3(3):205-8.

Significant decreases in the superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, glutathione reductase and glutathione peroxidase activities and significant increases in the H2O2 generation and lipid peroxidation were also observed in the epididymis and epididymal sperm of lindane-treated rats.
6(0,0,1,1) Details
19880658 Radosavljevic T, Mladenovic D, Jakovljevic V, Vucvic D, Rasc-Markovic A, Hrncic D, Djuric D, Stanojlovic O: Oxidative stress in liver and red blood cells in acute lindane toxicity in rats. Hum Exp Toxicol. 2009 Dec;28(12):747-57. Epub .

The aim of our study was to determine the role and dynamics of oxidative and nitrosative stress, as well as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase activity in the hepatocytes and erythrocytes in early phase of acute lindane intoxication.
6(0,0,1,1) Details
16127354 Ananya R, Subeena S, Kumar DA, Kumar DT, Kumar MS: Oxidative stress and histopathological changes in the heart following oral lindane (gamma hexachlorohexane) administration in rats. Med Sci Monit. 2005 Sep;11(9):BR325-9. Epub 2005 Aug 26.

MATERIAL/METHODS: The present study was designed to explore the effect of oral administration of lindane (1.5 and 7 mg/kg/day for 21 days) on lipid peroxidation, endogenous antioxidants (GSH, SOD and catalase), and histopathological changes (light and electron microscopic studies) of rat hearts.
12(0,0,2,2) Details
17884035 Oberoi S, Ahmed RS, Suke SG, Bhattacharya SN, Chakraborti A, Banerjee BD: Comparative effect of topical application of lindane and permethrin on oxidative stress parameters in adult scabies patients. Clin Biochem. 2007 Nov;40(16-17):1321-4. Epub 2007 Aug 10.

RESULTS: Serum malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, erythrocyte superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activity were significantly increased while blood glutathione (GSH) levels were significantly decreased in the lindane group as compared to controls and the permethrin group.
6(0,0,1,1) Details
12516873 Simon-Giavarotti KA, Giavarotti L, Gomes LF, Lima AF, Veridiano AM, Garcia EA, Mora OA, Fernandez V, Videla LA, Junqueira VB: Enhancement of lindane-induced liver oxidative stress and hepatotoxicity by thyroid hormone is reduced by gadolinium chloride. Free Radic Res. 2002 Oct;36(10):1033-9.

Kupffer cell inactivation by GdCl3 suppresses liver injury in lindane/T3-treated rats with normalization of altered oxidative stress-related parameters, excepting the reduction in the content of GSH and in catalase activity.
112(1,2,2,2) Details
9733020 Simon Giavarotti KA, Rodrigues L, Rodrigues T, Junqueira VB, Videla LA: Liver microsomal parameters related to oxidative stress and antioxidant systems in hyperthyroid rats subjected to acute lindane treatment. Free Radic Res. 1998 Jul;29(1):35-42.

Liver microsomal functions related to xenobiotic biotransformation and free radical production were studied in control rats and in animals subjected to L-3,3',5-triiodothyronine (T3) and/or lindane administration as possible mechanisms contributing to oxidative stress, in relation to the activity of enzymes (superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6PDH)) and content of lipid-soluble vitamins (alpha-tocopherol, beta-carotene, and lycopene) affording antioxidant protection.
32(0,1,1,2) Details
16046044 Srivastava A, Shivanandappa T: Hexachlorocyclohexane differentially alters the antioxidant status of the brain regions in rat. Toxicology. 2005 Oct 15;214(1-2):123-30.


Activities of glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, glutathione-S-transferase and catalase were markedly induced whereas superoxide dismutase was inhibited at higher dose in all the brain regions.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
9704597 Sahoo A, Chainy GB: Acute hexachlorocyclohexane-induced oxidative stress in rat cerebral hemisphere. Neurochem Res. 1998 Aug;23(8):1079-84.


The pesticide elicited decrease in the activities of cytosolic total, CN (-)-sensitive (not at 24 h) and CN-resistant superoxide dismutases; total, Se-dependent and Se-independent glutathione peroxidases; and catalase throughout the measurement period.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
10414779 Banerjee BD, Seth V, Bhattacharya A, Pasha ST, Chakraborty AK: Biochemical effects of some pesticides on lipid peroxidation and free-radical scavengers. Toxicol Lett. 1999 Jun 30;107(1-3):33-47.

Oxidative stress was studied in blood samples obtained from lindane, malathion and propoxur poisoning cases admitted to the Guru Teg Bahadur Hospital, Delhi and evaluated for lipid peroxidation, oxygen free radical (OFR) scavenging enzymes, and glutathione (GSH) and related enzymes.
The level of thiobarbituric acid reacting substances and activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione-S-transferase and GGT were increased and GSH level was decreased in pesticide poisoning.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
12959551 De Coen WM, Janssen CR: A multivariate biomarker-based model predicting population-level responses of Daphnia magna. Environ Toxicol Chem. 2003 Sep;22(9):2195-201.

The results of the short-term exposure (48 h-96 h) to eight model toxicants (cadmium, chromium, mercury, tributyl tin, linear alkylsulfonic acid, sodium pentachlorophenolate, lindane, and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid) on the following biomarkers were used for the multivariate model: digestive enzymes (amylase, cellulase, beta-galactosidase, trypsin, and esterase), enzymes of the intermediary metabolism (glycogen phosphorylase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, pyruvate kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, and isocitrate dehydrogenase), cellular energy allocation (CEA) (protein, carbohydrate, and lipid content and electron transport activity), and DNA damage and antioxidative stress activity.
Energy-related biomarkers (cellular energy allocation, lipid contents, anaerobic metabolic activity--pyruvate kinase, and lactate dehydrogenase), combined with parameters related to oxidative stress (catalase) and DNA damage measured after 48 and 96 h of exposure, were able to predict long-term effects at higher levels of biological organization.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
17761640 Trivedi NP, Rawal UM, Patel BP: Hepatoprotective effect of andrographolide against hexachlorocyclohexane-induced oxidative injury. Integr Cancer Ther. 2007 Sep;6(3):271-80.


Glutathione (GSH), glutathione-s-transferase (GST), glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (gamma-GTP), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and lipid peroxidation (LPO) are studied by spectrophotometric methods.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
11404799 Sujatha R, Chitra KC, Latchoumycandane C, Mathur PP: Effect of lindane on testicular antioxidant system and steroidogenic enzymes in adult rats. Asian J Androl. 2001 Jun;3(2):135-8.

There was a significant decline in the activities of antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase and glutathione reductase while an increase in hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) generation was observed.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
16257038 Romeo M, Gharbi-Bouraoui S, Gnassia-Barelli M, Dellali M, Aissa P: Responses of Hexaplex (Murex) trunculus to selected pollutants. Sci Total Environ. 2006 Apr 15;359(1-3):135-44. Epub 2005 Oct 27.

An evaluation of the biological effects of the most toxic metals (cadmium and copper) and of two organics (carbofuran and lindane), present in the sediments of the Bizerta lagoon, was attempted by measuring biomarkers (acetylcholinesterase: AChE, catalase: CAT and glutathione S-transferase: GST activities) in animals experimentally exposed for 48 or 72 h.
6(0,0,1,1) Details
1699849 Videla LA, Barros SB, Junqueira VB: Lindane-induced liver oxidative stress. Free Radic Biol Med. 1990;9(2):169-79.

Concomitantly, lindane intoxication induces a derangement of some antioxidant mechanisms of the liver cell, including decreased superoxide dismutase and catalase activities and alterations in reduced glutathione content leading to depressed GSH/GSSG ratios.
6(0,0,1,1) Details
18940228 Anilakumar KR, Saritha V, Khanum F, Bawa AS: Ameliorative effect of ajwain extract on hexachlorocyclohexane-induced lipid peroxidation in rat liver. Food Chem Toxicol. 2009 Feb;47(2):279-82. Epub 2008 Oct 4.


Results revealed that HCH administration lead to an increase in hepatic lipid peroxidation associated with reduction in, levels of glutathione (GSH), activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase.
3(0,0,0,3) Details
12364975 Samanta L, Chainy GB: Response of testicular antioxidant enzymes to hexachlorocyclohexane is species specific. Asian J Androl. 2002 Sep;4(3):191-4.


Although the level of H2O2 content increased in response to HCH in both groups, a totally different trend was observed for the activity of the principal H2O2-metabolising enzyme, catalase.
2(0,0,0,2) Details
10097797 Samanta L, Roy A, Chainy GB: Changes in rat testicular antioxidant defence profile as a function of age and its impairment by hexachlorocyclohexane during critical stages of maturation. Andrologia. 1999 Mar;31(2):83-90.


A biphasic pattern was evident for lipid peroxidation and for the activity ratio of superoxide dismutase to catalase and glutathione peroxidase with increasing age.
2(0,0,0,2) Details
8882386 Descampiaux B, Leroux JM, Peucelle C, Erb F: Assay of free-radical toxicity and antioxidant effect on the Hep 3B cell line: a test survey using lindane. Cell Biol Toxicol. 1996 Feb;12(1):19-28.

The content of reduced glutathione and of glutathione disulfide as well as the activities of glutathione reductase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione S-transferases, catalase and superoxide dismutases were determined in human hepatoma Hep 3B cells in relation to free-radical toxicity in order to appreciate the defense capacities of these cells compared to data on normal hepatocytes.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
1694756 Braunbeck T, Gorge G, Storch V, Nagel R: Hepatic steatosis in zebra fish (Brachydanio rerio) induced by long-term exposure to gamma-hexachlorocyclohexane. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 1990 Jun;19(3):355-74.

In a full life cycle test, newly hatched eggs of zebra fish, Brachydanio rerio, were reared to sexual maturity under continuous exposure to 40, 80, 110, 130, and 150 micrograms/liter lindane, gamma-hexachlorocyclohexane.
Changes in peroxisomes were visualized by cytochemical staining for catalase activity with diaminobenzidine.
2(0,0,0,2) Details
11349524 Trivedi NP, Rawal UM: Hepatoprotective and antioxidant property of Andrographis paniculata (Nees) in BHC induced liver damage in mice. Indian J Exp Biol. 2001 Jan;39(1):41-6.


The activities of antioxidant enzymes like superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase and the levels of glutathione were decreased following BHC effect.
2(0,0,0,2) Details
9467884 Samanta L, Chainy GB: Comparison of hexachlorocyclohexane-induced oxidative stress in the testis of immature and adult rats. Comp Biochem Physiol C Pharmacol Toxicol Endocrinol. 1997 Nov;118(3):319-27.


The activity of catalase decreased 6 hr after the pesticide treatment in both the age groups.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
16834997 Rocher B, Le Goff J, Peluhet L, Briand M, Manduzio H, Gallois J, Devier MH, Geffard O, Gricourt L, Augagneur S, Budzinski H, Pottier D, Andre V, Lebailly P, Cachot J: Genotoxicant accumulation and cellular defence activation in bivalves chronically exposed to waterborne contaminants from the Seine River. Aquat Toxicol. 2006 Aug 12;79(1):65-77. Epub 2006 Jun 2.

The study focused on polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), lindane, polychlorobiphenyls (PCB) and metals known to be potential genotoxicants and/or reactive oxygen species (ROS) inducers.
Enzymatic activities related to cellular defence systems including the phase II enzyme glutathione S-transferase (GST) and three antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) were measured in gills.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
7538972 Samanta L, Chainy GB: Hexachlorocyclohexane-induced changes in lipid peroxidation, superoxide dismutase and catalase activities and glutathione content in chick liver. Indian J Exp Biol. 1995 Feb;33(2):131-3.

1(0,0,0,1) Details
10350190 Samanta L, Sahoo A, Chainy GB: Age-related changes in rat testicular oxidative stress parameters by hexachlorocyclohexane. Arch Toxicol. 1999 Mar;73(2):96-107.


In both age-groups of rats, the pesticide elicited a significant decrease in the activities of cytosolic superoxide dismutase (SOD; total and CN (-)-resistant) and catalase, and ascorbic acid content together with an increase in the levels of LPX (both in crude homogenate and subcellular fractions) and H2O2.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
16838206 Wang F, Xu ZR, Sun JH: Effect of HCH contamination of diet on the growth performance and immune and antioxidant ability in growing/finishing pigs. Vet Res Commun. 2006 Aug;30(6):645-54.


Addition of HCH to feedstuff reduced superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione S-transferase (GST), glutathione reductase (GR) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities in liver, reduced serum catalase (CAT) activity, and increased serum malondialehyde (MDA).
1(0,0,0,1) Details
8584504 Puri S, Kohli KK: Differences in hepatic drug metabolizing enzymes and their response to lindane in rat, rabbit and monkey. Pharmacol Toxicol. 1995 Aug;77(2):136-41.

The activity of catalase was higher in untreated monkeys compared to untreated rats and rabbits.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
1708174 Barros SB, Simizu K, Junqueira VB: Liver lipid peroxidation-related parameters after short-term administration of hexachlorocyclohexane isomers to rats. Toxicol Lett. 1991 Apr;56(1-2):137-44.


Other parameters studied were liver glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase and catalase (CAT) activities.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
10817630 Videla LA, Arisi AC, Fuzaro AP, Koch OR, Junqueira VB: Prolonged phenobarbital pretreatment abolishes the early oxidative stress component induced in the liver by acute lindane intoxication. Toxicol Lett. 2000 Apr 10;115(1):45-51.

These changes were observed in the absence of changes in either microsomal functions (cytochrome P450 content, NADPH-dependent superoxide radical production, and NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase or NADPH oxidase activities) or in oxidative stress-related enzymatic activities (superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, and glutathione-S-transferases), over control values.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
17569287 Anilakumar KR, Nagaraj NS, Santhanam K: Reduction of hexachlorocyclohexane-induced oxidative stress and cytotoxicity in rat liver by Emblica officinalis gaertn. Indian J Exp Biol. 2007 May;45(5):450-4.


On the other hand, the HCH-induced impairment in hepatic catalase, G-6-PDH and SOD activities were modulated by amla at the 10% level of intake.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
7509413 Bainy AC, Arisi AC, Azzalis LA, Simizu K, Barros SB, Videla LA, Junqueira VB: Differential effects of short-term lindane administration on parameters related to oxidative stress in rat liver and erythrocytes. J Biochem Toxicol. 1993 Dec;8(4):187-94.

Also, decreased activities of glutathione peroxidase and catalase were concomitantly observed.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
18941829 Sole M, Hambach B, Cortijo V, Huertas D, Fernandez P, Company JB: Muscular and hepatic pollution biomarkers in the fishes Phycis blennoides and Micromesistius poutassou and the crustacean Aristeus antennatus in the Blanes Submarine Canyon (NW Mediterranean). Arch Environ Contam Toxicol. 2009 Jul;57(1):123-32. Epub 2008 Oct 22.


Several pollution biomarkers in muscle (activity of cholinesterases) and liver/hepatopancreas (catalase, glutathione S-transferases, carboxylesterases, ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase in fish or mixed function oxygenase (MFO)-related reductases in crustacean, and lipid peroxidation levels) were measured.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
10790496 Sahoo A, Samanta L, Chainy GB: Mediation of oxidative stress in HCH-induced neurotoxicity in rat. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol. 2000 Jul;39(1):7-12.


Catalase activity decreased throughout the treatment period.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
18389491 Ahmed RS, Suke SG, Seth V, Chakraborti A, Tripathi AK, Banerjee BD: Protective effects of dietary ginger (Zingiber officinales Rosc.) on lindane-induced oxidative stress in rats. Phytother Res. 2008 Jul;22(7):902-6.

Oxidative stress was monitored by estimating the extent of lipid peroxidation, activities of the oxygen free radical (OFR) scavenging enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) and the status of the glutathione redox cycle antioxidants.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
9824842 Ginsburg I: Could synergistic interactions among reactive oxygen species, proteinases, membrane-perforating enzymes, hydrolases, microbial hemolysins and cytokines be the main cause of tissue damage in infectious and inflammatory conditions?. Med Hypotheses. 1998 Oct;51(4):337-46.

However, because both activated phagocytes and catalase-negative, peroxide-producing, toxigenic bacteria (Streptococci, Clostridiae) secrete a near-identical array of proinflammatory agonists, including reactive oxygen species (ROS), and because these microbial species might kill their targets by a synergism among several of their secreted enzymes (a multicomponent system), we postulated that activated phagocytes might also function in the same way.
Using radiolabeled targets, in culture, we demonstrated that subtoxic amounts of a variety of oxidants (H2O2, radicals produced by xanthine-xanthine-oxidase, peroxyl radical, NO) acted synergistically with subtoxic amounts of a large series of membrane-perforating agents (microbial hemolysins, phospholipases, fatty acids, cationic proteins, proteinases, bile salts, the attack complex of complement, the xenobiotics, lindane, ethanol, methanol) to kill cells in culture and to release large amounts of arachidonic acid and metabolites.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
8311510 Lemaire P, Matthews A, Forlin L, Livingstone DR: Stimulation of oxyradical production of hepatic microsomes of flounder (Platichthys flesus) and perch (Perca fluviatilis) by model and pollutant xenobiotics. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol. 1994 Feb;26(2):191-200.

Stimulation of hepatic microsomal NAD (P) H-dependent hydroxyl radical (.OH) production by model compounds, viz. menadione (2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone) and nitrofurantoin (N-(5-nitro-2-furfurylidene)-1-aminohydantoin), and pollutant xenobiotics, viz. benzo [a] pyrene (BaP) diones (products of microsomal BaP metabolism), duroquinone (tetramethyl-1,4-benzoquinone--present in pulp mill effluent), and the pesticide lindane (gamma-hexachlorocyclohexane), was examined in flounder Platichthys flesus.
Inhibition of menadione- and nitrofurantoin-stimulated .OH production by superoxide dismutase (50% inhibition) and catalase (80%) indicated respectively the involvement of O2- and H2O2 in .OH production.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
7521977 Arisi AC, Simizu K, Kogake M, Bainy AC, Silva MA, Barros SB, Boveris A, Videla LA, Junqueira VB: Brain and liver lipid peroxidation levels following acute and short-term lindane administration in the rat. Toxicol Lett. 1994 Oct;74(1):61-8.

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7522492 Bainy AC, Silva MA, Kogake M, Videla LA, Junqueira VB: Influence of lindane and paraquat on oxidative stress-related parameters of erythrocytes in vitro. Hum Exp Toxicol. 1994 Jul;13(7):461-5.

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16718366 Olgun S, Misra HP: Pesticides induced oxidative stress in thymocytes. Mol Cell Biochem. 2006 Oct;290(1-2):137-44. Epub 2006 May 23.


The role of oxidative stress in immune cell toxicity caused by the pesticides lindane, malathion and permethrin was investigated in thymic cells from C57BL/6 mice.
0(0,0,0,0) Details
7544317 Azzalis LA, Junqueira VB, Simon K, Giavarotti L, Silva MA, Kogake M, Simizu K, Barros SB, Fraga C, Porta EA: Prooxidant and antioxidant hepatic factors in rats chronically fed an ethanol regimen and treated with an acute dose of lindane. Free Radic Biol Med. 1995 Aug;19(2):147-59.

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20182699 Sharma P, Singh R: Protective Role of Curcumin on Lindane Induced Reproductive Toxicity in Male Wistar Rats. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol. 2010 Feb 25.

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