Protein Information

Name Acetylcholinesterase
Synonyms ACHE; ACHE protein; AChE; ARACHE; AcChoEase; Acetylcholine acetylhydrolase; Acetylcholinesterase; Acetylcholinesterase isoform E4 E6 variant…

Compound Information

Name pyrethrins
CAS pyrethrins

Reference List

PubMed Abstract RScore(About this table)
11248143 Abou-Donia MB, Goldstein LB, Jones KH, Abdel-Rahman AA, Damodaran TV, Dechkovskaia AM, Bullman SL, Amir BE, Khan WA: Locomotor and sensorimotor performance deficit in rats following exposure to pyridostigmine bromide, DEET, and permethrin, alone and in combination. Toxicol Sci. 2001 Apr;60(2):305-14.


Treatment with permethrin alone caused significant increase in cortical and cerebellar AChE activity.
5(0,0,0,5) Details
19778241 David M, Patil VK, Chebbi SG, Marigoudar SR, Chittaragi JB, Halappa R: Gas-liquid chromatography for fenvalerate residue analysis: in vivo alterations in the acetylcholinesterase activity and acetylcholine in different tissues of the fish, Labeo rohita (Hamilton). Toxicol Mech Methods. 2009 Sep;19(6-7):410-5.

4(0,0,0,4) Details
19427694 Tu HT, Silvestre F, Scippo ML, Thome JP, Phuong NT, Kestemont P: Acetylcholinesterase activity as a biomarker of exposure to antibiotics and pesticides in the black tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon). Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2009 Jul;72(5):1463-70. Epub 2009 May 9.

4(0,0,0,4) Details
15186033 el-Demerdash FM, Yousef MI, Kedwany FS, Baghdadi HH: Role of alpha-tocopherol and beta-carotene in ameliorating the fenvalerate-induced changes in oxidative stress, hemato-biochemical parameters, and semen quality of male rats. J Environ Sci Health B. 2004 May;39(3):443-59.


The activity of acetylcholinesterase was significantly (P < 0.05) decreased in brain and plasma, while plasma glucose, urea, creatinine, and bilirubin concentrations were significantly (P < 0.05) increased in rats treated with fenvalerate.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
11748873 Latuszynska J, Luty S, Raszewski G, Tokarska-Rodak M, Przebirowska D, Przylepa E, Haratym-Maj A: Neurotoxic effect of dermally-applied chlorpyrifos and cypermethrin in Wistar rats. Ann Agric Environ Med. 2001;8(2):163-70.


The aim of the study was to evaluate the neurotoxic effect of a dermally-applied mixture of chlorpyrifos and cypermethrin in rats based on cognitive function, activity of the blood cholinesterase and brain acetylcholinesterase, as well as histologic brain examination.
3(0,0,0,3) Details
16011852 Wheelock CE, Eder KJ, Werner I, Huang H, Jones PD, Brammell BF, Elskus AA, Hammock BD: Individual variability in esterase activity and CYP1A levels in Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) exposed to esfenvalerate and chlorpyrifos. Aquat Toxicol. 2005 Aug 30;74(2):172-92.


Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity has traditionally been monitored as a biomarker of organophosphate (OP) and/or carbamate exposure.
3(0,0,0,3) Details
14765680 Corbel V, Hougard JM, N'Guessan R, Chandre F: Evidence for selection of insecticide resistance due to insensitive acetylcholinesterase by carbamate-treated nets in Anopheles gambiae s.s. (Diptera: Culicidae) from Cote d'Ivoire. J Med Entomol. 2003 Nov;40(6):985-8.

3(0,0,0,3) Details
18976553 Pennetier C, Costantini C, Corbel V, Licciardi S, Dabire RK, Lapied B, Chandre F, Hougard JM: Mixture for controlling insecticide-resistant malaria vectors. Emerg Infect Dis. 2008 Nov;14(11):1707-14.


During the first 2 weeks posttreatment, the mixture was as effective as deltamethrin alone and was more effective at killing An. gambiae that carried knockdown resistance (kdr) or insensitive acetylcholinesterase resistance (Ace1R) genes.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
16193751 Moreira-Santos M, Fonseca AL, Moreira SM, Rendon-von Osten J, Silva EM, Soares AM, Guilhermino L, Ribeiro R: Short-term sublethal (sediment and aquatic roots of floating macrophytes) assays with a tropical chironomid based on postexposure feeding and biomarkers. Environ Toxicol Chem. 2005 Sep;24(9):2234-42.


This study proposes assays with a freshwater chironomid, Chironomus xanthus, distributed over South America, based on subindividual (acetylcholinesterase activity) and individual (survival and postexposure feeding) level endpoints.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
18418956 Wheelock CE, Phillips BM, Anderson BS, Miller JL, Miller MJ, Hammock BD: Applications of carboxylesterase activity in environmental monitoring and toxicity identification evaluations (TIEs). Rev Environ Contam Toxicol. 2008;195:117-78.


Given the ease of most activity assays, it is logical to report carboxylesterase activity levels as well as other esterases (e.g., acetylcholinesterase).
3(0,0,0,3) Details
11841371 Downs AM, Stafford KA, Hunt LP, Ravenscroft JC, Coles GC: Widespread insecticide resistance in head lice to the over-the-counter pediculocides in England, and the emergence of carbaryl resistance. Br J Dermatol. 2002 Jan;146(1):88-93.


OBJECTIVES: To establish the extent of insecticide resistance in head lice and acetylcholinesterase activity in the presence of carbaryl in head lice.
3(0,0,0,3) Details
12191869 He F, Chen S, Tang X, Gan W, Tao B, Wen B: Biological monitoring of combined exposure to organophosphates and pyrethroids. Toxicol Lett. 2002 Aug 5;134(1-3):119-24.


Erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase (AChE) was measured by the Ellman's method before spraying, after 2-h exposure and 1 h later.
3(0,0,0,3) Details
18472171 Baffi MA, de Souza GR, de Sousa CS, Ceron CR, Bonetti AM: Esterase enzymes involved in pyrethroid and organophosphate resistance in a Brazilian population of Riphicephallus (Boophilus) microplus (Acari, Ixodidae). Mol Biochem Parasitol. 2008 Jul;160(1):70-3. Epub 2008 Apr 7.


The EST-2, classified as an acetylcholinesterase (AChE), was detected in all groups, but its staining intensity increased from susceptible to resistant groups, indicating an altered production according to the degree of resistance.
3(0,0,0,3) Details
16619611 Casimiro S, Coleman M, Hemingway J, Sharp B: Insecticide resistance in Anopheles arabiensis and Anopheles gambiae from Mozambique. J Med Entomol. 2006 Mar;43(2):276-82.


Increased frequencies of insecticide insensitive acetylcholinesterase, the target site for carbamates and organophosphates, were found in 16 of the populations tested.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
18922205 Singh V, Singh DK: The effect of abiotic factors on the toxicity of cypermethrin against the snail Lymnaea acuminata in the control of fascioliasis. J Helminthol. 2009 Mar;83(1):39-45. Epub 2008 Oct 16.


A significant positive rank correlation between AChE, ACP and ALP activity did exist following exposure to the corresponding sublethal concentrations.
2(0,0,0,2) Details
15178118 Eder KJ, Leutenegger CM, Wilson BW, Werner I: Molecular and cellular biomarker responses to pesticide exposure in juvenile chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha). Mar Environ Res. 2004 Aug-Dec;58(2-5):809-13.


Four to five month old salmon were exposed to a range of pesticide concentrations, and tissue samples of surviving fish were analyzed for stress protein expression, cytokine transcription, and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity.
2(0,0,0,2) Details
17710279 Dzul FA, Patricia Penilla R, Rodriguez AD: [Susceptibility and insecticide resistance mechanisms in Anopheles albimanus from the southern Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico]. Salud Publica Mex. 2007 Jul-Aug;49(4):302-11.


The frequency of An. albimanus with altered acetylcholinesterase (AChE) was high in La Union (33%).
2(0,0,0,2) Details
12020021 Wang KY, Liu TX, Yu CH, Jiang XY, Yi MQ: Resistance of aphis gossypii (Homoptera: Aphididae) to fenvalerate and imidacloprid and activities of detoxification enzymes on cotton and cucumber. J Econ Entomol. 2002 Apr;95(2):407-13.


Activities of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and alpha-naphthylacetate (alpha-NA) esterases of A. gossypii were significantly different among the three strains, with the R-fenvalerate strains having the highest, followed by the R-imidacloprid strain, and the S strain the lowest.
2(0,0,0,2) Details
15171950 Srinivas R, Udikeri SS, Jayalakshmi SK, Sreeramulu K: Identification of factors responsible for insecticide resistance in Helicoverpa armigera. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol. 2004 Mar;137(3):261-9.


Acetylcholinesterase of resistant larvae was less sensitive to monocrotophos and methyl paraoxon.
2(0,0,0,2) Details
16619610 Casimiro S, Coleman M, Mohloai P, Hemingway J, Sharp B: Insecticide resistance in Anopheles funestus (Diptera: Culicidae) from Mozambique. J Med Entomol. 2006 Mar;43(2):267-75.


Low levels of insecticide-insensitive acetylcholinesterase, the target site for carbamates and organophosphates, were found in all populations tested.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
15248660 Tilak KS, Veeraiah K, Sastry LV, Rao JV: Effect of fenvalerate technical grade on acetyl cholinesterase activity in Indian bullfrog Haplobatrachus tigerinus (Daudin). J Environ Biol. 2003 Oct;24(4):445-8.


The AChE activity was inhibited in first three hours of administration of fenvalerate in all the tissue tested.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
11681666 Maklakov A, Ishaaya I, Freidberg A, Yawetz A, Horowitz AR, Yarom I: Toxicological studies of organophosphate and pyrethroid insecticides for controlling the fruit fly Dacus ciliatus (Diptera: Tephritidae). J Econ Entomol. 2001 Oct;94(5):1059-66.


This was supported by the insignificant decrease of head acetylcholinesterase activity.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
17466253 N'Guessan R, Boko P, Odjo A, Akogbeto M, Yates A, Rowland M: Chlorfenapyr: a pyrrole insecticide for the control of pyrethroid or DDT resistant Anopheles gambiae (Diptera: Culicidae) mosquitoes. Acta Trop. 2007 Apr;102(1):69-78. Epub 2007 Mar 12.


Performance against An. gambiae bearing kdr (pyrethroid and DDT resistance) or Ace-1 (R) insensitive acetylcholinesterase (organophosphate and carbamate resistance) mechanisms was studied using a variety of adult bioassay tests including a simulated-experimental hut system (tunnel tests) that allows uninhibited mosquito behaviour/insecticide interactions.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
19115232 Roditakis E, Grispou M, Morou E, Kristoffersen JB, Roditakis N, Nauen R, Vontas J, Tsagkarakou A: Current status of insecticide resistance in Q biotype Bemisia tabaci populations from Crete. Pest Manag Sci. 2009 Mar;65(3):313-22.


A propoxur-based AChE diagnostic test indicated that iAChE was widespread in most populations.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
19655174 Fonseca-Gonzalez I, Cardenas R, Quinones ML, McAllister J, Brogdon WG: Pyrethroid and organophosphates resistance in Anopheles (N.) nuneztovari Gabaldon populations from malaria endemic areas in Colombia. Parasitol Res. 2009 Oct;105(5):1399-409. Epub 2009 Aug 5.


Evidence is presented for low-level initial selection of some resistance mechanisms such as mixed-function oxidases and modified acetylcholinesterase.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
18796138 Pages F, Texier G, Pradines B, Gadiaga L, Machault V, Jarjaval F, Penhoat K, Berger F, Trape JF, Rogier C, Sokhna C: Malaria transmission in Dakar: a two-year survey. Malar J. 2008 Sep 16;7:178.


Molecular assessments of pyrethroid knock down resistance (Kdr) and of insensitive acetylcholinesterase resistance were conducted.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
18405930 Okoye PN, Brooke BD, Koekemoer LL, Hunt RH, Coetzee M: Characterisation of DDT, pyrethroid and carbamate resistance in Anopheles funestus from Obuasi, Ghana. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2008 Jun;102(6):591-8. Epub 2008 Apr 10.


Furthermore, an altered acetylcholinesterase conferring carbamate resistance was evident.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
17524156 Anstead JA, Mallet J, Denholm I: Temporal and spatial incidence of alleles conferring knockdown resistance to pyrethroids in the peach-potato aphid, Myzus persicae (Hemiptera: Aphididae), and their association with other insecticide resistance mechanisms. Bull Entomol Res. 2007 Jun;97(3):243-52.


In this study, the temporal and spatial distributions of these mutations, diagnosed using an allelic discriminating polymerase chain reaction assay, were investigated alongside other resistance mechanisms (modified acetylcholinesterase (MACE) and elevated carboxylesterases).
1(0,0,0,1) Details
15119600 Corbel V, Raymond M, Chandre F, Darriet F, Hougard JM: Efficacy of insecticide mixtures against larvae of Culex quinquefasciatus (Say) (Diptera: Culicidae) resistant to pyrethroids and carbamates. Pest Manag Sci. 2004 Apr;60(4):375-80.


Nevertheless, antagonism in the R-LAB strain is probably due to a physiological perturbation implying different target sites for pyrethroid (ie sodium channel) and carbamate insecticides [ie acetylcholinesterase (EC 3.3.3.7) and choline acetyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.6)].
1(0,0,0,1) Details
17427696 N'Guessan R, Corbel V, Bonnet J, Yates A, Asidi A, Boko P, Odjo A, Akogbeto M, Rowland M: Evaluation of indoxacarb, an oxadiazine insecticide for the control of pyrethroid-resistant Anopheles gambiae (Diptera: Culicidae). J Med Entomol. 2007 Mar;44(2):270-6.


Performance against An. gambiae bearing kdr (pyrethroid and DDT resistance) or Ace-1R insensitive acetylcholinesterase (organophosphate and carbamate resistance) mechanisms was studied using larval and adult bioassays and a simulated experimental hut system (tunnel tests) that allows fuller expression of the behavioral responses to insecticide.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
17385498 Rattanapan A, Visetson S, Ngernsiri L, Milne J: Efficiency of Thai derris extract and cypermethrin: toxicity and detoxification enzyme mechanism in the tropical armyworm, Spodoptera litura F. Commun Agric Appl Biol Sci. 2006;71(2 Pt B):329-37.


The cypermethrin was elevated esterase and acetylcholinesterase enzyme activities more than derris extract ca. 0.23 fold and 0.05 fold, respectively.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
12558165 Denton DL, Wheelock CE, Murray SA, Deanovic LA, Hammock BD, Hinton DE: Joint acute toxicity of esfenvalerate and diazinon to larval fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas). Environ Toxicol Chem. 2003 Feb;22(2):336-41.


After pesticide exposures, larvae were evaluated for carboxylesterase and acetylcholinesterase activity, and histopathological effects.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
15311465 Corbel V, Duchon S, Zaim M, Hougard JM: Dinotefuran: a potential neonicotinoid insecticide against resistant mosquitoes. J Med Entomol. 2004 Jul;41(4):712-7.


More interestingly, the carbamate-resistant strain of Cx. quinquefasciatus was significantly more affected by dinotefuran than the susceptible strain (RR = 0.70), probably because the insensitive acetylcholinesterase is less efficient to degrade nicotinic substrates than normal acetylcholinesterase.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
17137748 El-Demerdash FM: Lambda-cyhalothrin-induced changes in oxidative stress biomarkers in rabbit erythrocytes and alleviation effect of some antioxidants. Toxicol In Vitro. 2007 Apr;21(3):392-7. Epub 2006 Oct 1.


However, a significant decrease in the content of sulfhydryl groups (SH-groups), and the activities of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) were observed.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
11226636 Aziz MH, Agrawal AK, Adhami VM, Shukla Y, Seth PK: Neurodevelopmental consequences of gestational exposure (GD14-GD20) to low dose deltamethrin in rats. Neurosci Lett. 2001 Mar 16;300(3):161-5.


The significant increase in acetylcholinesterase activity and decrease in (3) H-quinuclidinyl benzilate binding in the hippocampal region of DT exposed animals, suggesting impairment in cholinergic (muscarinic) receptors.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
15918909 Asidi AN, N'Guessan R, Koffi AA, Curtis CF, Hougard JM, Chandre F, Corbel V, Darriet F, Zaim M, Rowland MW: Experimental hut evaluation of bednets treated with an organophosphate (chlorpyrifos-methyl) or a pyrethroid (lambdacyhalothrin) alone and in combination against insecticide-resistant Anopheles gambiae and Culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes. Malar J. 2005 May 26;4(1):25.


Anopheles gambiae and Culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes from the area are resistant to pyrethroids and organophosphates (kdr and insensitive acetylcholinesterase Ace.1R).
1(0,0,0,1) Details
16842967 Sinha C, Seth K, Islam F, Chaturvedi RK, Shukla S, Mathur N, Srivastava N, Agrawal AK: Behavioral and neurochemical effects induced by pyrethroid-based mosquito repellent exposure in rat offsprings during prenatal and early postnatal period. Neurotoxicol Teratol. 2006 Jul-Aug;28(4):472-81. Epub 2006 Jul 13.


The hippocampus was the most affected region and further exhibited altered cholinergic functioning in the form of significant decrease in cholinergic (muscarinic) receptor binding (prenatal 32%, postnatal 35%, perinatal 38%) and inhibition in acetylcholinesterase activity (prenatal 20%, postnatal 31% and perinatal 33%).
1(0,0,0,1) Details
17573686 Margaritopoulos JT, Skouras PJ, Nikolaidou P, Manolikaki J, Maritsa K, Tsamandani K, Kanavaki OM, Bacandritsos N, Zarpas KD, Tsitsipis JA: Insecticide resistance status of Myzus persicae (Hemiptera: Aphididae) populations from peach and tobacco in mainland Greece. Pest Manag Sci. 2007 Aug;63(8):821-9.


In addition, 497, 349 and 370 clones originating from peach and tobacco were screened for the three known resistance mechanisms, elevated esterases, modified acetylcholinesterase (MACE) and knockdown resistance (kdr) respectively, using biochemical and DNA diagnostics.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
19748499 Tayebati SK, Di Tullio MA, Ricci A, Amenta F: Influence of dermal exposure to the pyrethroid insecticide deltamethrin on rat brain microanatomy and cholinergic/dopaminergic neurochemistry. Brain Res. 2009 Dec 8;1301:180-8. Epub 2009 Sep 11.


Cholinergic neurotransmission markers investigated in frontal cortex, hippocampus and striatum were acetylcholine (ACh), the synthesizing and catabolic enzymes choline acetyltransferase and acetylcholinesterase and the high affinity ACh uptake system labeled with [(3) H] hemicholinium-3.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
19038063 Munhenga G, Masendu HT, Brooke BD, Hunt RH, Koekemoer LK: Pyrethroid resistance in the major malaria vector Anopheles arabiensis from Gwave, a malaria-endemic area in Zimbabwe. Malar J. 2008 Nov 28;7:247.


Biochemical assays were used to determine the relative levels of detoxifying enzyme systems including non-specific esterases, monooxygenases and glutathione-S-transferases as well as to detect the presence of an altered acetylcholine esterase (AChE).
1(0,0,0,1) Details
15943110 Van Wijngaarden RP, Brock TC, Van den Brink PJ: Threshold levels for effects of insecticides in freshwater ecosystems: a review. Ecotoxicology. 2005 Apr;14(3):355-80.


The NOEC (ecosystem) usually is a factor of 10 or more higher than first tier acceptable concentrations, particularly in the case of single applications and acetylcholinesterase inhibitors.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
16978760 Yousef MI, Awad TI, Mohamed EH: Deltamethrin-induced oxidative damage and biochemical alterations in rat and its attenuation by Vitamin E. Toxicology. 2006 Oct 29;227(3):240-7. Epub 2006 Aug 14.


Enzymatic activities of aminotransferases (AST and ALT), phosphatases (AcP and AlP) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in plasma were significantly increased, while acetylcholinesterase (AChE) was inhibited.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
19274371 Fonseca-Gonzalez I, Quinones ML, McAllister J, Brogdon WG: Mixed-function oxidases and esterases associated with cross-resistance between DDT and lambda-cyhalothrin in Anopheles darlingi Root 1926 populations from Colombia. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. 2009 Feb;104(1):18-26.


Enzyme levels related to insecticide resistance, including mixed function oxidases (MFO), non-specific esterases (NSE), glutathione S-transferases and modified acetylcholinesterase were evaluated in all populations and compared with a susceptible natural strain.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
15936353 Hossain MM, Suzuki T, Sato I, Takewaki T, Suzuki K, Kobayashi H: Neuromechanical effects of pyrethroids, allethrin, cyhalothrin and deltamethrin on the cholinergic processes in rat brain. Life Sci. 2005 Jul 1;77(7):795-807.


To better understand the mechanisms of their modulatory effects and also other effects on the cholinergic system in the brain, the activities of ACh hydrolyzing enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE), ACh synthesizing enzyme choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) and ACh synthesizing rate-limiting step, high-affinity choline uptake (HACU) were examined in the present study.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
19830865 Li SG: [Differences of acetylcholinesterase level in variety classes and strains of Culex pipiens pallens]. Zhejiang Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban. 2009 Sep;38(5):511-4.

8(0,0,0,8) Details
17215041 Badiou A, Meled M, Belzunces LP: Honeybee Apis mellifera acetylcholinesterase--a biomarker to detect deltamethrin exposure. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2008 Feb;69(2):246-53. Epub 2007 Jan 9.

8(0,0,0,8) Details
18602378 Badiou A, Belzunces LP: Is acetylcholinesterase a pertinent biomarker to detect exposure of pyrethroids? A study case with deltamethrin. Chem Biol Interact. 2008 Sep 25;175(1-3):406-9. Epub 2008 Jun 13.

5(0,0,0,5) Details
15262290 Anstead JA, Williamson MS, Eleftherianos I, Denholm I: High-throughput detection of knockdown resistance in Myzus persicae using allelic discriminating quantitative PCR. Insect Biochem Mol Biol. 2004 Aug;34(8):871-7.


In combination with assays for elevated carboxylesterase levels and modified acetylcholinesterase (MACE), this suite of assays allows for rapid high-throughput diagnosis, in individual aphids, of the three main resistance mechanisms of practical importance in the UK.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
19303125 Ramphul U, Boase T, Bass C, Okedi LM, Donnelly MJ, Muller P: Insecticide resistance and its association with target-site mutations in natural populations of Anopheles gambiae from eastern Uganda. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2009 Nov;103(11):1121-6. Epub 2009 Mar 19.


Using molecular diagnostics, susceptible and resistant specimens were further tested for the presence of knockdown resistance (kdr) and acetylcholinesterase 1 resistance (ace-1 (R)) alleles.
1(0,0,0,1) Details