Protein Information

Name ubiquitin
Synonyms HMG20; RPS27A; UBA80; UBCEP 1; UBCEP1; UBA52; UBCEP 2; UBCEP2…

Compound Information

Name gibberellins
CAS gibberellins

Reference List

PubMed Abstract RScore(About this table)
15308775 Strader LC, Ritchie S, Soule JD, McGinnis KM, Steber CM: Recessive-interfering mutations in the gibberellin signaling gene SLEEPY1 are rescued by overexpression of its homologue, SNEEZY. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004 Aug 24;101(34):12771-6. Epub 2004 Aug 12.


The SLY1 gene encodes an F-box subunit of a Skp1-cullin-F-box (SCF) E3 ubiquitin ligase complex that positively regulates GA signaling.
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17384169 Ariizumi T, Steber CM: Seed germination of GA-insensitive sleepy1 mutants does not require RGL2 protein disappearance in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell. 2007 Mar;19(3):791-804. Epub 2007 Mar 23.


RGL2 protein disappears before wild-type seed germination, consistent with the model that GA stimulates germination by causing the SCF (SLY1) E3 ubiquitin ligase complex to trigger ubiquitination and destruction of RGL2.
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17933900 Zentella R, Zhang ZL, Park M, Thomas SG, Endo A, Murase K, Fleet CM, Jikumaru Y, Nambara E, Kamiya Y, Sun TP: Global analysis of della direct targets in early gibberellin signaling in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell. 2007 Oct;19(10):3037-57. Epub 2007 Oct 12.

Bioactive gibberellins (GAs) are phytohormones that regulate growth and development throughout the life cycle of plants.
Recent studies demonstrated that GA, upon binding to its receptor, derepresses its signaling pathway by binding directly to DELLA proteins and targeting them for rapid degradation via the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway.
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7716243 Jordan ET, Hatfield PM, Hondred D, Talon M, Zeevaart JA, Vierstra RD: Phytochrome A overexpression in transgenic tobacco. Plant Physiol. 1995 Mar;107(3):797-805.

We show here that the dwarf response is related to a reduction in active gibberellins (GAs) in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) overexpressing oat phytochrome A under the control of the cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) 35S promoter and can be suppressed by foliar applications of gibberellic acid.
To examine the efficacy of this cellular site, oat phytochrome A was also expressed using Arabidopsis chlorophyll a/b-binding protein (CAB) and the Arabidopsis ubiquitin (UBQ1) promoters.
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17764521 Agharkar M, Lomba P, Altpeter F, Zhang H, Kenworthy K, Lange T: Stable expression of AtGA2ox1 in a low-input turfgrass (Paspalum notatum Flugge) reduces bioactive gibberellin levels and improves turf quality under field conditions. Plant Biotechnol J. 2007 Nov;5(6):791-801. Epub 2007 Aug 31.


GA catabolizing AtGA2ox1 was subcloned under the control of the constitutive maize ubiquitin promoter and Nos 3'UTR.
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18784282 Thiel J, Weier D, Sreenivasulu N, Strickert M, Weichert N, Melzer M, Czauderna T, Wobus U, Weber H, Weschke W: Different hormonal regulation of cellular differentiation and function in nucellar projection and endosperm transfer cells: a microdissection-based transcriptome study of young barley grains. Plant Physiol. 2008 Nov;148(3):1436-52. Epub 2008 Sep 10.

In NP, the top-down gradient of cellular differentiation is reflected by the expression of C3HC4-type ubiquitin ligases and different histone genes, cell wall biosynthesis and expansin/extensin genes, as well as genes involved in programmed cell death-related proteolysis coupled to nitrogen remobilization, indicating distinct areas simultaneously undergoing mitosis, cell elongation, and disintegration.
Activated gene expression related to gibberellin synthesis and function suggests a regulatory role for gibberellins in establishment of the differentiation gradient.
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15377219 Sun TP, Gubler F: Molecular mechanism of gibberellin signaling in plants. Annu Rev Plant Biol. 2004;55:197-223.


Recent evidence indicates that the DELLA proteins are targeted for degradation by an E3 ubiquitin ligase SCF complex through the ubiquitin-26S proteasome pathway.
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19199048 Zhang ZL, Shin M, Zou X, Huang J, Ho TH, Shen QJ: A negative regulator encoded by a rice WRKY gene represses both abscisic acid and gibberellins signaling in aleurone cells. Plant Mol Biol. 2009 May;70(1-2):139-51. Epub 2009 Feb 7.

0(0,0,0,0) Details
16492475 Thomas SG, Rieu I, Steber CM: Gibberellin metabolism and signaling. Vitam Horm. 2005;72:289-338.


Gibberellins (GAs) are a family of plant hormones controlling many aspects of plant growth and development including stem elongation, germination, and the transition from vegetative growth to flowering.
0(0,0,0,0) Details
19899704 Shpakov AO: [Chemosignaling systems of plants] . Tsitologiia. 2009;51(9):721-34.

Among them there activated by cytokinins, ethylene and brassinosteroids two-component signaling systems involving receptor protein kinases as a sensor, and activated by auxin, gibberellins and jasmonates multicomponent SCF-complexes possessing ubiquitin ligase activity.
31(0,1,1,1) Details
15491916 Schwechheimer C, Calderon Villalobos LI: Cullin-containing E3 ubiquitin ligases in plant development. Curr Opin Plant Biol. 2004 Dec;7(6):677-86.

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16209355 Kowalczyk S, Hadowska E, Piekarska A: [Plant ubiquitylation and proteolytic systems, the key elements in hormonal signaling pathways]. Postepy Biochem. 2005;51(2):171-87.

The general function of the ubiquitylation systems is to conjugate ubiquitin to lysine residues within substrate proteins, thus targeting them for degradation by the proteasome.
The role of the SCF is to ubiquitylate repressors of hormone response (auxin, gibberellins), whereas in response to ethylene, abscisic acid and brassinosteroids the SCF participate in degradation of positive regulators in the absence of the hormone.
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14557046 Itoh H, Matsuoka M, Steber CM: A role for the ubiquitin-26S-proteasome pathway in gibberellin signaling. Trends Plant Sci. 2003 Oct;8(10):492-7.

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19114460 Gilkerson J, Hu J, Brown J, Jones A, Sun TP, Callis J: Isolation and characterization of cul1-7, a recessive allele of CULLIN1 that disrupts SCF function at the C terminus of CUL1 in Arabidopsis thaliana. Genetics. 2009 Mar;181(3):945-63. Epub 2008 Dec 29.

Many aspects of plant biology depend on the ubiquitin proteasome system for degradation of regulatory proteins.
The cul1-7 mutation affects the C terminus of the protein, results in reduced cul1-7 levels, and interferes with RBX1 interaction. cul1-7 seedlings are defective in degradation of an endogenous SCF substrate, Repressor of ga1-3 (RGA), and have altered responses to gibberellins. cul1-7 seedlings exhibit slower degradation of the light-labile red/far-red photoreceptor phytochrome A and are photomorphogenic in the dark.
2(0,0,0,2) Details
18827182 Ariizumi T, Murase K, Sun TP, Steber CM: Proteolysis-independent downregulation of DELLA repression in Arabidopsis by the gibberellin receptor GIBBERELLIN INSENSITIVE DWARF1. Plant Cell. 2008 Sep;20(9):2447-59. Epub 2008 Sep 30.


GA stimulates GA responses by causing DELLA repressor degradation via the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway.
2(0,0,0,2) Details
19717618 Wang F, Zhu D, Huang X, Li S, Gong Y, Yao Q, Fu X, Fan LM, Deng XW: Biochemical insights on degradation of Arabidopsis DELLA proteins gained from a cell-free assay system. Plant Cell. 2009 Aug;21(8):2378-90. Epub 2009 Aug 28.


Recent studies in Arabidopsis thaliana and rice (Oryza sativa) have implied that the degradation of DELLA proteins occurred via the ubiquitin-proteasome system.
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12724538 McGinnis KM, Thomas SG, Soule JD, Strader LC, Zale JM, Sun TP, Steber CM: The Arabidopsis SLEEPY1 gene encodes a putative F-box subunit of an SCF E3 ubiquitin ligase. Plant Cell. 2003 May;15(5):1120-30.

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8541504 Chen X, Wang B, Wu R: A gibberellin-stimulated ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme gene is involved in alpha-amylase gene expression in rice aleurone. Plant Mol Biol. 1995 Nov;29(4):787-95.

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17851112 Stone SL, Callis J: Ubiquitin ligases mediate growth and development by promoting protein death. Curr Opin Plant Biol. 2007 Dec;10(6):624-32. Epub 2007 Sep 11.

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18216856 Feng S, Martinez C, Gusmaroli G, Wang Y, Zhou J, Wang F, Chen L, Yu L, Iglesias-Pedraz JM, Kircher S, Schafer E, Fu X, Fan LM, Deng XW: Coordinated regulation of Arabidopsis thaliana development by light and gibberellins. Nature. 2008 Jan 24;451(7177):475-9.

GA induces degradation of DELLA proteins via the ubiquitin/proteasome pathway, but light promotes accumulation of DELLA proteins by reducing GA levels.
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18077204 Schwechheimer C: Understanding gibberellic acid signaling--are we there yet? . Curr Opin Plant Biol. 2008 Feb;11(1):9-15.


The current view is that GA binds to a soluble GID1 receptor, which interacts with the DELLA repressor proteins in a GA-dependent manner and thereby induces DELLA protein degradation via the E3 ubiquitin ligase SCF (GID2/SLY1).
1(0,0,0,1) Details
15161962 Fu X, Richards DE, Fleck B, Xie D, Burton N, Harberd NP: The Arabidopsis mutant sleepy1gar2-1 protein promotes plant growth by increasing the affinity of the SCFSLY1 E3 ubiquitin ligase for DELLA protein substrates. Plant Cell. 2004 Jun;16(6):1406-18. Epub 2004 May 25.


Here, we show that the Arabidopsis thaliana sleepy1gar2-1 (sly1gar2-1) mutant allele encodes a mutant subunit (sly1gar2-1) of an SCF (SLY1) E3 ubiquitin ligase complex.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
12969426 Downes BP, Stupar RM, Gingerich DJ, Vierstra RD: The HECT ubiquitin-protein ligase (UPL) family in Arabidopsis: UPL3 has a specific role in trichome development. Plant J. 2003 Sep;35(6):729-42.

Attachment of one or more ubiquitins (Ubs) to various intracellular proteins has a number of roles in plants including the selective removal of regulatory proteins by the 26S proteasome.
The upl3 trichomes also often undergo an additional round of endoreplication resulting in enlarged nuclei with ploidy levels of up to 64C. upl3 plants are hypersensitive to gibberellic acid-3 (GA3), consistent with the role of gibberellins in trichome development.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
15734906 Muangprom A, Thomas SG, Sun TP, Osborn TC: A novel dwarfing mutation in a green revolution gene from Brassica rapa. Plant Physiol. 2005 Mar;137(3):931-8. Epub 2005 Feb 25.


Recent studies show that GA promotes stem growth by causing degradation of DELLA proteins via the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
14756772 Gomi K, Sasaki A, Itoh H, Ueguchi-Tanaka M, Ashikari M, Kitano H, Matsuoka M: GID2, an F-box subunit of the SCF E3 complex, specifically interacts with phosphorylated SLR1 protein and regulates the gibberellin-dependent degradation of SLR1 in rice. Plant J. 2004 Feb;37(4):626-34.


Taken these results together, we conclude that the phosphorylated SLR1 is caught by the SCFGID2 complex through an interacting affinity between GID2 and phosphorylated SLR1, triggering the ubiquitin-mediated degradation of SLR1.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
18703407 Itoh H, Ueguchi-Tanaka M, Matsuoka M: Molecular biology of gibberellins signaling in higher plants. Int Rev Cell Mol Biol. 2008;268:191-221.

These results suggest that formation of a GID1-GA-DELLA protein complex targets DELLA protein into the ubiquitin-26S proteasome pathway for degradation.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
17098053 Samuel MA, Salt JN, Shiu SH, Goring DR: Multifunctional arm repeat domains in plants. Int Rev Cytol. 2006;253:1-26.


The plant-specific U-box/Arm repeat proteins are the largest family of Arm repeat proteins in all the genomes surveyed, and more recent data have implicated these proteins as E3 ubiquitin ligases.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
17194763 Griffiths J, Murase K, Rieu I, Zentella R, Zhang ZL, Powers SJ, Gong F, Phillips AL, Hedden P, Sun TP, Thomas SG: Genetic characterization and functional analysis of the GID1 gibberellin receptors in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell. 2006 Dec;18(12):3399-414. Epub 2006 Dec 28.


Furthermore, yeast three-hybrid assays showed that the GA-GID1 complex promotes the interaction between RGA and the F-box protein SLY1, a component of the SCF (SLY1) E3 ubiquitin ligase that targets the DELLA protein for degradation.
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18053005 Alabadi D, Gallego-Bartolome J, Orlando L, Garcia-Carcel L, Rubio V, Martinez C, Frigerio M, Iglesias-Pedraz JM, Espinosa A, Deng XW, Blazquez MA: Gibberellins modulate light signaling pathways to prevent Arabidopsis seedling de-etiolation in darkness. Plant J. 2008 Jan;53(2):324-35. Epub 2007 Dec 5.

This program is actively repressed if germination occurs in the absence of light, through a mechanism dependent on the E3 ubiquitin ligase activity that is encoded in Arabidopsis by COP1 (CONSTITUTIVE PHOTOMORPHOGENIC 1), which induces proteolytic degradation of transcription factors necessary for light-regulated development, such as HY5 (LONG HYPOCOTYL 5) and HYH (LONG HYPOCOTYL 5 HOMOLOG), and stabilization of transcription factors that promote skotomorphogenesis, such as PIF3 (PHYTOCHROME INTERACTING FACTOR 3).
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