Protein Information

Name PPARalpha
Synonyms NR1C1; PPAR; PPAR alpha; PPARA; PPARalpha; Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor; Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha; hPPAR…

Compound Information

Name dibutyl phthalate
CAS dibutyl 1,2-benzenedicarboxylate

Reference List

PubMed Abstract RScore(About this table)
9771468 Fan LQ, Cattley RC, Corton JC: Tissue-specific induction of 17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type IV by peroxisome proliferator chemicals is dependent on the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha. J Endocrinol. 1998 Aug;158(2):237-46.

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11522369 Poole M, Bridgers K, Alexson SE, Corton JC: Altered expression of the carboxylesterases ES-4 and ES-10 by peroxisome proliferator chemicals. Toxicology. 2001 Aug 28;165(2-3):109-19.


The nonspecific carboxylesterases (EC.3.1.1.1) are a large group of enzymes that play important roles in the metabolism of foreign xenobiotics and endogenous lipids, including activators of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha, a nuclear receptor that is the central mediator of peroxisome proliferator (PP) effects in the rodent liver.
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15363580 Fan LQ, Brown-Borg H, Brown S, Westin S, Mode A, Corton JC: PPARalpha activators down-regulate CYP2C7, a retinoic acid and testosterone hydroxylase. Toxicology. 2004 Oct 15;203(1-3):41-8.

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17497641 Lee E, Ahn MY, Kim HJ, Kim IY, Han SY, Kang TS, Hong JH, Park KL, Lee BM, Kim HS: Effect of di (n-butyl) phthalate on testicular oxidative damage and antioxidant enzymes in hyperthyroid rats. Environ Toxicol. 2007 Jun;22(3):245-55.


In addition, DBP significantly increased the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-r (PPAR-r) levels in the testis.
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18923996 Ryu JY, Lee E, Kim TH, Lee YJ, Lee J, Lee BM, Kwack SJ, Jung KK, Han SY, Kim SH, Kacew S, Kim HS: Time-response effects of testicular gene expression profiles in Sprague-Dawley male rats treated with di (n-butyl) phthalate. J Toxicol Environ Health A. 2008;71(23):1542-9.


DBP significantly increased the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPAR-r) and phosphorylated extracellular-signal-regulated kinase (p-ERK1/2) levels in the testis.
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18602795 Kusu R, Oishi A, Kakizawa K, Kimura T, Toda C, Hashizume K, Ueda K, Kojima N: Effects of phthalate ester derivatives including oxidized metabolites on coactivator recruiting by PPARalpha and PPARgamma. Toxicol In Vitro. 2008 Sep;22(6):1534-8. Epub 2008 Jun 2.

Other derivatives oxidized at the alkyl group and benzene ring of DEHP, MEHP, dibutyl phthalate and its monoester were also investigated and some affected PPAR activities.
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18602967 Boberg J, Metzdorff S, Wortziger R, Axelstad M, Brokken L, Vinggaard AM, Dalgaard M, Nellemann C: Impact of diisobutyl phthalate and other PPAR agonists on steroidogenesis and plasma insulin and leptin levels in fetal rats. Toxicology. 2008 Sep 4;250(2-3):75-81. Epub 2008 Jun 17.

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