Protein Information

Name C18
Synonyms B1; D1; BBS 9; BBS9; BBS9 GENE; Bardet Biedl syndrome 9 protein; C18; PTH responsive osteosarcoma B1 protein…

Compound Information

Name endosulfan
CAS 6,7,8,9,10,10-hexachloro-1,5,5a,6,9,9a-hexahydro-6,9-methano-2,4,3-benzodioxathiepin 3-oxide

Reference List

PubMed Abstract RScore(About this table)
18969198 Tan BL, Ali Mohd M: Analysis of selected pesticides and alkylphenols in human cord blood by gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer. Talanta. 2003 Nov 4;61(3):385-91.

The pesticides are lindane, diazinon, alpha-endosulfan, beta-endosulfan, endosulfan sulfate, chlorpyrifos and endrin; while the alkylphenols are 4-n-butylphenol, 4-n-pentylphenol, 4-n-hexylphenol, 4-t-octylphenol, 4-n-heptylphenol, nonylphenol, 4-n-octylphenol and bisphenol A.
The pesticides and alkylphenols in the cord blood samples were extracted with solid phase extraction IST C18 cartridges and analyzed by selected ion monitoring mode using quadrapole detector in Shimadzu QP-5000 gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer.
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12374419 Yague C, Herrera A, Arino A, Lazaro R, Bayarri S, Conchello P: Rapid method for trace determination of organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in yogurt. J AOAC Int. 2002 Sep-Oct;85(5):1181-6.

The extract was then purified by reversed-phase C18 columns and subjected to further cleanup with neutral alumina columns.
The recovery of 23 organochlorine residues ranged from 77 to 95% at a level of 10 microg/kg, from 74 to 102% at a level of 1 microg/kg, and between 54 and 61% for dieldrin and alpha-endosulfan.
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17679434 Zhang X, Liao Q, Zhang Y: [Simultaneous determination of nine organochlorine pesticide residues in textile by high performance liquid chromatography]. Se Pu. 2007 May;25(3):380-3.

The pesticides and herbicides determined were 2,4-dichlorophenoxy (2,4-D), 2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxy acetic acid (MCPA), dichlorprop, mecoprop, 2,4, 5-trichlorophenoxy (2, 4, 5-T), 2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxy butyric acid (MCPB), beta-endosulfan, methoxychlor and 2, 2-bis (p-chlorophenyl)-1, 1-dichloroethene (DDE).
The extract was analyzed using an SGE C18 column with a linear gradient elution (methanol-phosphoric acid as mobile phase at a flow rate of 0.8 mL/min) and ultraviolet detection at 230 nm.
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12113343 Brito NM, Navickiene S, Polese L, Jardim EF, Abakerli RB, Ribeiro ML: Determination of pesticide residues in coconut water by liquid-liquid extraction and gas chromatography with electron-capture plus thermionic specific detection and solid-phase extraction and high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection. J Chromatogr A. 2002 May 31;957(2):201-9.

The first procedure involves solid-phase extraction using Sep-Pak Vac C18 disposable cartridges with methanol for elution.
The other procedure is based on liquid-liquid extraction with hexane-dichloromethane (1:1, v/v), followed by gas chromatographic analysis with effluent splitting to electron-capture detection for determination of endosulfan, captan, tetradifon and trichlorfon and thermionic specific detection for determination of malathion, parathion-methyl and monocrotophos.
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10693054 Luchini LC, Peres TB, de Andrea MM: Monitoring of pesticide residues in a cotton crop soil. J Environ Sci Health B. 2000 Jan;35(1):51-9.

This paper reports on the residues of methyl parathion (O,O-dimethyl O-4-nitrophenyl phosphorothioate), trifluralin (alpha, alpha, alpha-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropyl-p-toluidine), endosulfan [(1, 4, 5, 6, 7, 7-hexachloro-8, 9, 10-trinorborn-5-en-2, 3-ylenebismethylene) sulfite] and dimethoate (O, O-dimethyl S-methylcarbamoylmethyl phosphorodithioate) in a cotton crop soil.
The recoveries of the pesticide residues from the spiked control soil were determined after Soxhlet extraction and C18 cartridges clean-up by using radiotracer techniques with the corresponding 14C-pesticides.
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11767142 Frenich AG, Pablos Espada MC, Martinez Vidal JL, Molina L: Broad-spectrum determination of pesticides in groundwater by gas chromatography with electron capture detection, nitrogen-phosphorus detection, and tandem mass spectrometry. J AOAC Int. 2001 Nov-Dec;84(6):1751-62.

Gas chromatography with electron capture detector (ECD), nitrogen-phosphorus detector (NPD), and tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) was used to identify 36 pesticides, widely used to control various pest and diseases in vegetables, in water after a preconcentration step on C18 cartridges.
The most frequently encountered pesticides were endosulfan sulfate and metalaxyl, whereas the pesticide found at the highest concentration was fenamiphos.
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9051214 Kaur I, Kumar A, Duraja P: Separation of endosulphan and its major metabolites by GC and HPLC. Biomed Chromatogr. 1997 Jan-Feb;11(1):33-5.


Efficient gas-liquid chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography methods for the separation of endosulphan I and II and its major metabolites have been developed using a glass column packed with 3% OV-225 and a C18 reversed-phase column with acetonitrile:water (70:30 v/v) as mobile phase, respectively.
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16083762 El Bakouri H, Palacios-Santander JM, Cubillana-Aguilera L, Ouassini A, Naranjo-Rodriguez I, Hidalgo-Hidalgo de Cisneros JL: Electrochemical analysis of endosulfan using a C18-modified carbon-paste electrode. Chemosphere. 2005 Sep;60(11):1565-71. Epub 2005 Apr 12.

A C18-modified carbon-paste electrode has been used to determine voltammetrically endosulfan, despite its unfavourable electrochemical properties and behaviour.
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9580081 Penuela GA, Barcelo D: Application of C18 disks followed by gas chromatography techniques to degradation kinetics, stability and monitoring of endosulfan in water. J Chromatogr A. 1998 Jan 30;795(1):93-104.
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15712329 Chan MP, Mohd MA: Analysis of endosulfan and its metabolites in rat plasma and selected tissue samples by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Environ Toxicol. 2005 Feb;20(1):45-52.

Endosulfan and its metabolites in the plasma samples were extracted with solid-phase extraction Chromabond-end-capped C18 cartridges and analyzed by a Shimadzu QP-5050A gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer (GCMS) with quadrupole detector in selected-ion-monitoring mode.
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9818391 Fernandez-Alba AR, Aguera A, Contreras M, Penuela G, Ferrer I, Barcelo D: Comparison of various sample handling and analytical procedures for the monitoring of pesticides and metabolites in ground waters. J Chromatogr A. 1998 Oct 9;823(1-2):35-47.

Endosulfan was the most ubiquitous pesticide detected in this area.
For the selected group of pesticides studied, off-line C18 or polymeric cartridges followed by GC-MS using an ion trap analyzer have been revealed as the more powerful technique.
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8318861 Lott HM, Barker SA: Extraction and gas chromatographic screening of 14 chlorinated pesticides in crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) hepatopancreas. J AOAC Int. 1993 May-Jun;76(3):663-8.

A multiresidue isolation technique using matrix solid-phase dispersion (MSPD) and gas chromatography/electron capture detection is applied to crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) hepatopancreas for the extraction and determination of 14 chlorinated pesticides (alpha-BHC, beta-BHC, lindane, heptachlor, aldrin, heptachlor epoxide, p,p'-DDE, dieldrin, endrin, 4,4'-DDD, endrin aldehyde, p,p'-DDT, endosulfan sulfate, and methoxychlor).
Pureed crayfish hepatopancreata (0.5 g aliquot) are fortified with the 14 pesticides and with delta-BHC as an internal standard before blending with 2 g C18 (octadecylsilyl)-derivatized silica.
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8448447 Lott HM, Barker SA: Matrix solid-phase dispersion extraction and gas chromatographic screening of 14 chlorinated pesticides in oysters (Crassostrea virginica). J AOAC Int. 1993 Jan-Feb;76(1):67-72.

A multiresidue isolation technique known as matrix solid-phase dispersion (MSPD) is presented for the extraction and subsequent gas chromatographic/electron capture detection (GC/ECD) determination of 14 chlorinated pesticides (alpha-BHC, beta-BHC, lindane, heptachlor, aldrin, heptachlor epoxide, p,p'-DDE, dieldrin, endrin, 4,4'-DDD, endrin aldehyde, p,p'-DDT, endosulfan sulfate, and methoxychlor) from oysters (Crassostrea virginica).
Pureed whole oysters (0.5 g aliquots) are fortified with the 14 pesticides and delta-BHC, as an internal standard, and blended with 2 g C18 (octadecylsilyl)-derivatized silica.
2(0,0,0,2) Details
1524230 Tan GH: Comparison of solvent extraction and solid-phase extraction for the determination of organochlorine pesticide residues in water. Analyst. 1992 Jul;117(7):1129-32.

Solid-phase extraction (SPE) of organochlorine pesticide residues from environmental water samples was evaluated using octadecyl (C18)-bonded porous silica.
Exceptionally high levels of organochlorine pesticide residues such as BHC, DDT, heptachlor, endosulfan and dieldrin were found in these water samples.
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11324596 Garcia-Repetto R, Gimenez MP, Repetto M: New method for determination of ten pesticides in human blood. J AOAC Int. 2001 Mar-Apr;84(2):342-9.

The pesticides studied, which have appeared frequently in actual cases, were endosulfan, lindane, parathion, ethyl-azinphos, diazinon, malathion, alachlor, tetradifon, fenthion and dicofol (o-p' and p-p' isomers).
The extraction is performed by solid-phase extraction, with C18 cartridges and 2 internal standards, perthane and triphenylphosphate.
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17764679 Bolanos PP, Frenich AG, Vidal JL: Application of gas chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry in the quantification-confirmation of pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in eggs at trace levels. J Chromatogr A. 2007 Oct 5;1167(1):9-17. Epub 2007 Aug 12.

Endosulfan sulphate and p,p'-DDE were found in two samples at concentrations below the first calibration level.
Egg samples were extracted by a simple and fast matrix solid phase dispersion (MSPD) procedure using C18 as sorbent, and ethyl acetate and acetonitrile saturated in n-hexane (85:15, v/v) as elution solvent with a simultaneous clean up with Florisil in-line.
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11601477 Yague C, Bayarri S, Lazaro R, Conchello P, Arino A, Herrera A: Multiresidue determination of organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in milk by gas chromatography with electron-capture detection after extraction by matrix solid-phase dispersion. J AOAC Int. 2001 Sep-Oct;84(5):1561-8.

Initial extraction is performed by loading 3 mL milk onto a 2.0 g octadecyl (C18)-bonded silica cartridge with n-hexane as the eluant.
Average recoveries were between 74 and 106% for all residues except beta-HCH, beta-endosulfan, and endosulfan sulfate.
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12191885 Dmitrovic J, Chan SC, Chan SH: Analysis of pesticides and PCB congeners in serum by GC/MS with SPE sample cleanup. Toxicol Lett. 2002 Aug 5;134(1-3):253-8.

In addition, 15 pesticides are analyzed in the same extract: aldrin, p,p'-DDE, p,p'-DDT, dieldrin, endrin, endosulfan I, heptachlor, hexachlorobenzene, alpha-hexachlorocyclohexane, beta-hexachlorocyclohexane, lindane, methoxychlor, mirex, pentachlorobenzene, and 1,2,3,4-tetrachlorobenzene.
The procedure involved sample cleanup using a combination of C18 and NH (2) solid phase extraction cartridges.
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11048846 Gil Garcia MD, Martinez Galera M, Pablos Espada MD, Garrido Frenich A, Martinez Vidal JL: Determination of binary and ternary mixtures of pesticides in wetland waters by gas chromatography using partial least-squares analysis. J AOAC Int. 2000 Sep-Oct;83(5):1068-75.

Three different mixtures of pesticides were resolved with satisfactory results: parathion-methyl, chlorpyrifos-methyl, and vinclozolin; parathion-ethyl, chlorpyrifos, and triadimefon; and endosulfan sulfate and carbophenothion.
The proposed models were applied to the determination of 3 mixtures of pesticides at levels of 0.02-1.00 ng/mL in wetland water samples after a preconcentration step with C18 cartridges, with recoveries ranging from 82.7 to 117.4%.
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