Protein Information

Name Acetylcholinesterase
Synonyms ACHE; ACHE protein; AChE; ARACHE; AcChoEase; Acetylcholine acetylhydrolase; Acetylcholinesterase; Acetylcholinesterase isoform E4 E6 variant…

Compound Information

Name endosulfan
CAS 6,7,8,9,10,10-hexachloro-1,5,5a,6,9,9a-hexahydro-6,9-methano-2,4,3-benzodioxathiepin 3-oxide

Reference List

PubMed Abstract RScore(About this table)
8748688 Paul V, Balasubramaniam E, Jayakumar AR, Kazi M: A sex-related difference in the neurobehavioral and hepatic effects following chronic endosulfan treatment in rats. Eur J Pharmacol. 1995 Dec 7;293(4):355-60.

Liver weight and liver and serum concentrations of glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, glutamic pyruvic transaminase and acetylcholinesterase were measured in order to determine the hepatotoxic effect of endosulfan.
7(0,0,1,2) Details
19208446 Ballesteros ML, Durando PE, Nores ML, Diaz MP, Bistoni MA, Wunderlin DA: Endosulfan induces changes in spontaneous swimming activity and acetylcholinesterase activity of Jenynsia multidentata (Anablepidae, Cyprinodontiformes). Environ Pollut. 2009 May;157(5):1573-80. Epub 2009 Feb 8.
7(0,0,1,2) Details
17974345 Campero M, Slos S, Ollevier F, Stoks R: Sublethal pesticide concentrations and predation jointly shape life history: behavioral and physiological mechanisms. Ecol Appl. 2007 Oct;17(7):2111-22.

Predation risk impaired all endpoints, including AChE activity, while the effects of pesticide stress were smaller for atrazine and endosulfan and absent for carbaryl.
7(0,0,1,2) Details
3234285 Inbaraj RM, Haider S: Effect of malathion and endosulfan on brain acetylcholinesterase and ovarian steroidogenesis of Channa punctatus (Bloch). Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 1988 Oct;16(2):123-8.
6(0,0,1,1) Details
7900959 Naqvi SM, Vaishnavi C: Bioaccumulative potential and toxicity of endosulfan insecticide to non-target animals. Comp Biochem Physiol C. 1993 Jul;105(3):347-61.

The majority of studies conducted on laboratory mammals can be summarized. (a) Neurotoxicity: male rats are more sensitive than females to endosulfan, which decreases brain and plasma acetylcholinesterase activity.
6(0,0,1,1) Details
18443843 Aggarwal M, Naraharisetti SB, Sarkar SN, Rao GS, Degen GH, Malik JK: Effects of subchronic coexposure to arsenic and endosulfan on the erythrocytes of broiler chickens: a biochemical study. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol. 2009 Jan;56(1):139-48. Epub 2008 Apr 29.

At term, the impact of their coexposure was assessed by evaluating lipid peroxidation (LPO), activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), different ATPases and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in erythrocytes, serum glucose, and levels of glutathione (GSH) and glycosylated hemoglobin (GHb) in blood.
2(0,0,0,2) Details
17512982 Jia Z, Misra HP: Developmental exposure to pesticides zineb and/or endosulfan renders the nigrostriatal dopamine system more susceptible to these environmental chemicals later in life. Neurotoxicology. 2007 Jul;28(4):727-35. Epub 2007 Apr 20.

C57BL/6 mice, exposed daily to each of the pesticides or their mixtures from postnatal days 5 to 19, exhibited insignificant changes in striatal dopamine, acetylcholinesterase and alpha-synuclein levels.
2(0,0,0,2) Details
15171950 Srinivas R, Udikeri SS, Jayalakshmi SK, Sreeramulu K: Identification of factors responsible for insecticide resistance in Helicoverpa armigera. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol. 2004 Mar;137(3):261-9.

Moth larvae (Helicoverpa armigera Hubner) collected from field crops were tested for resistance to cypermethrin, fenvalerate, endosulfan, monocrotophos and quinolphos.
Acetylcholinesterase of resistant larvae was less sensitive to monocrotophos and methyl paraoxon.
2(0,0,0,2) Details
8157075 Paul V, Balasubramaniam E, Kazi M: The neurobehavioural toxicity of endosulfan in rats: a serotonergic involvement in learning impairment. Eur J Pharmacol. 1994 Jan 3;270(1):1-7.

Protein content and acetylcholinesterase activity were unaltered in the brain.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
2851197 Kiran R, Varma MN: Biochemical studies on endosulfan toxicity in different age groups of rats. Toxicol Lett. 1988 Dec;44(3):247-52.

Maximum hyperglycemia, maximum depletion of liver glycogen and maximum inhibition of brain acetylcholine esterase activity were observed in 365-day-old (adult) animals whereas these changes were found to be negligible in 15-day-old animals.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
19297972 Gurusubramanian G, Rahman A, Sarmah M, Ray S, Bora S: Pesticide usage pattern in tea ecosystem, their retrospects and alternative measures. J Environ Biol. 2008 Nov;29(6):813-26.

Due to this practice, the tea pests showed a higher tolerance/ resistance status due to formation of greater amount of esterases, glutathione S-transferase and acetylcholinesterase.
Thus, over reliance on pesticides end up with pesticide residue in made tea (DDT - 10.4-47.1%; endosulfan - 41.1-98.0%; dicofol- 0.0-82.4%; ethion - 0.0-36.2%; cypermethrin - 6.0- 45.1%).
1(0,0,0,1) Details
8059438 Lakshmana MK, Raju TR: Endosulfan induces small but significant changes in the levels of noradrenaline, dopamine and serotonin in the developing rat brain and deficits in the operant learning performance. Toxicology. 1994 Jul 1;91(2):139-50.

The activity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) was also estimated in the same regions of the brain.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
10333576 Rufingier C, Pasteur N, Lagnel J, Martin C, Navajas M: Mechanisms of insecticide resistance in the aphid Nasonovia ribisnigri (Mosley) (Homoptera: Aphididae) from France. Insect Biochem Mol Biol. 1999 Apr;29(4):385-91.


Nasonovia ribisnigri, a main pest of salad crops, has developed resistance to various insecticides in southern France, including the carbamate pirimicarb and the cyclodiene endosulfan, two insecticides widely used to control this aphid.
0(0,0,0,0) Details
15454122 Garg UK, Pal AK, Jha GJ, Jadhao SB: Haemato-biochemical and immuno-pathophysiological effects of chronic toxicity with synthetic pyrethroid, organophosphate and chlorinated pesticides in broiler chicks. Int Immunopharmacol. 2004 Dec 15;4(13):1709-22.


Haemato- biochemical and immuno-pathophysiological changes following feeding of broiler chicks with 20 ppm fenvalerate (synthetic pyrethroid, SP), 2 ppm monocrotophos (organophosphate, OP) and 2 ppm endosulfan (chlorinated hydrocarbon, CH) were studied.
0(0,0,0,0) Details
19526321 Sarma K, Pal AK, Sahu NP, Mukherjee SC, Baruah K: Biochemical and histological changes in the brain tissue of spotted murrel, Channa punctatus (Bloch), exposed to endosulfan. Fish Physiol Biochem. 2009 Jun 13.

Acetylcholine esterase and adenosine triphosphatase enzyme activities also showed a significant reduction upon endosulfan exposure.
81(1,1,1,1) Details
12648478 Dutta HM, Arends DA: Effects of endosulfan on brain acetylcholinesterase activity in juvenile bluegill sunfish. Environ Res. 2003 Mar;91(3):157-62.

The duration of exposure was related to the reduction in the AChE activities which reflected the biotoxicity of endosulfan.
45(0,1,3,5) Details
2380476 Srikanth NS, Seth PK: Alterations in xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes in brain and liver of rats coexposed to endosulfan and malathion. J Appl Toxicol. 1990 Jun;10(3):157-60.

A significant inhibition in brain acetylcholine esterase activity (42%) in the coexposed animals suggests that endosulfan may potentiate the toxicity of malathion by interfering with glutathione and carboxylesterase routes of malathion detoxification.
31(0,1,1,1) Details
10581123 Ribeiro S, Guilhermino L, Sousa JP, Soares AM: Novel bioassay based on acetylcholinesterase and lactate dehydrogenase activities to evaluate the toxicity of chemicals to soil isopods. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 1999 Nov;44(3):287-93.

The in vivo effects of the insecticides parathion-ethyl and endosulfan-sulfate on AChE and LDH activities of P. dilatatus under laboratory conditions were investigated.
16(0,0,2,6) Details
19427694 Tu HT, Silvestre F, Scippo ML, Thome JP, Phuong NT, Kestemont P: Acetylcholinesterase activity as a biomarker of exposure to antibiotics and pesticides in the black tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon). Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2009 Jul;72(5):1463-70. Epub 2009 May 9.

While muscle AChE activity should be assessed to point out endosulfan or deltamethrin exposure, gill AChE activity impairment could indicate an exposure to furazolidone.
9(0,0,1,4) Details
18000848 Campero M, Ollevier F, Stoks R: Ecological relevance and sensitivity depending on the exposure time for two biomarkers. Environ Toxicol. 2007 Dec;22(6):572-81.

We studied both aspects in larvae of the damselfly Coenagrion puella, comparing the impact of low doses of atrazine, carbaryl, and endosulfan on two key biomarkers (acetylcholinesterase [AChE] activity and fluctuating asymmetry [FA]) and their relationship with life history traits (mortality, development time, growth rate, and body size).
8(0,0,1,3) Details