Protein Information

Name brains
Synonyms BPG dependent PGAM 1; Brain; CDABP0006; PGAM 1; PGAM B; PGAM1; PGAM1 protein; PGAMA…

Compound Information

Name sodium azide
CAS sodium azide

Reference List

PubMed Abstract RScore(About this table)
17074421 Gao J, Zhu ZR, Ding HQ, Qian Z, Zhu L, Ke Y: Vulnerability of neurons with mitochondrial dysfunction to oxidative stress is associated with down-regulation of thioredoxin. Neurochem Int. 2007 Jan;50(2):379-85. Epub 2006 Oct 30.

In this study, we first developed an in vitro model of neuron with mitochondrial dysfunction, based on sodium azide (NaN (3))-induced inhibition of cytochrome c oxidase (complex IV) that is reduced in post-mortem AD brains, and then investigated the role of Trx expression in response of neurons with mitochondrial dysfunction to oxidative stress.
31(0,1,1,1) Details
9309319 Hamby-Mason R, Chen JJ, Schenker S, Perez A, Henderson GI: Catalase mediates acetaldehyde formation from ethanol in fetal and neonatal rat brain. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 1997 Sep;21(6):1063-72.

The current studies present evidence that homogenates of immature rat brains can generate AcHO via a catalase (CAT)-mediated reaction and that AcHO may be produced in vivo by this system.
When incubated with CAT inhibitors (sodium azide or 3-aminotriazole), AcHO formation was blocked, whereas neither the alcohol dehydrogenase inhibitor, 4-methylpyrazole, nor P-450 inhibitors decreased AcHO production.
4(0,0,0,4) Details
11053240 Farber SA, Slack BE, Blusztajn JK: Acceleration of phosphatidylcholine synthesis and breakdown by inhibitors of mitochondrial function in neuronal cells: a model of the membrane defect of Alzheimer's disease. FASEB J. 2000 Nov;14(14):2198-206.


We show that when PC12 cells are exposed to inhibitors of mitochondrial bioenergetics, the turnover of their major membrane phospholipid, phosphatidylcholine, is accelerated, producing a pattern of metabolic changes that mimics that observed in brains of AD patients.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
18316212 Riha PD, Rojas JC, Colorado RA, Gonzalez-Lima F: Animal model of posterior cingulate cortex hypometabolism implicated in amnestic MCI and AD. Neurobiol Learn Mem. 2008 Jul;90(1):112-24. Epub 2008 Mar 7.

Learning and memory were examined in a spatial holeboard task and brains were analyzed using quantitative histochemical, morphological and biochemical techniques.
Behavioral results showed that sodium azide-treated rats were impaired in their memory of the baited pattern in probe trials as compared to their training scores before treatment, without non-specific behavioral differences.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
16930212 Zimatkin SM, Pronko SP, Vasiliou V, Gonzalez FJ, Deitrich RA: Enzymatic mechanisms of ethanol oxidation in the brain. . Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2006 Sep;30(9):1500-5.

CYP2E1 plays an important role in ethanol oxidation in the rodent brains.
RESULTS: The catalase inhibitors sodium azide (5 mM) and aminotriazole (5 mM) as well as CYP2E1 inhibitors diallyl sulfide (2 mM) and beta-phenethyl isothiocyanate (0.1 mM) lowered significantly the accumulation of the ethanol-derived AC and acetate in brain homogenates.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
15302108 Szabados T, Dul C, Majtenyi K, Hargitai J, Penzes Z, Urbanics R: A chronic Alzheimer's model evoked by mitochondrial poison sodium azide for pharmacological investigations. Behav Brain Res. 2004 Sep 23;154(1):31-40.

Selective reduction of complex IV activity is present in post-mortem AD brains.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
9675105 Cassarino DS, Swerdlow RH, Parks JK, Parker WD Jr, Bennett JP Jr: Cyclosporin A increases resting mitochondrial membrane potential in SY5Y cells and reverses the depressed mitochondrial membrane potential of Alzheimer's disease cybrids. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1998 Jul 9;248(1):168-73.


Alzheimer's disease (AD) brains exhibit oxidative stress and a biochemical defect of complex IV (cytochrome oxidase, COX) of the mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC).
1(0,0,0,1) Details
12383965 Dai J, Buijs RM, Kamphorst W, Swaab DF: Impaired axonal transport of cortical neurons in Alzheimer's disease is associated with neuropathological changes. Brain Res. 2002 Sep 6;948(1-2):138-44.


The present study provides, for the first time, direct evidence of the presence of impaired axonal transport in AD brains.
1(0,0,0,1) Details