Protein Information

Name estrogen receptor
Synonyms ER; ERA; ER alpha; ERalpha; ESR; ESR 1; ESR1; ESRA…

Compound Information

Name lindane
CAS (1α,2α,3β,4α,5α,6β)-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexachlorocyclohexane

Reference List

PubMed Abstract RScore(About this table)
20209442 La Sala G, Farini D, De Felici M: Estrogenic in vitro assay on mouse embryonic Leydig cells. . Int J Dev Biol. 2010;54(4):717-22.

We and others have reported that mouse embryonic testes contain a subpopulation of somatic cells expressing estrogen receptor alpha (ERalpha).
Eventually, we stimulated the transfected cells with various xenoestrogens such as lindane, bisphenol A or mono-(2-ethylhexyl) pthalate and with the phytoestrogen zeralenone obtaining evidence for ERE-Luc, but not AP-1-Luc stimulation in embryonic Leydig cells.
4(0,0,0,4) Details
19604390 Wong PS, Li W, Vogel CF, Matsumura F: Characterization of MCF mammary epithelial cells overexpressing the Arylhydrocarbon receptor (AhR). BMC Cancer. 2009 Jul 15;9:234.


To address those questions, we hypothesized that AhR overexpression occurs in cells experiencing deficiencies in normally required estrogen receptor (ER) signaling, and the basic role of AhR in such cases is to guide the affected cells to develop orchestrated cellular changes aimed at substituting the normal functions of ER.
3(0,0,0,3) Details
10492897 Balaguer P, Francois F, Comunale F, Fenet H, Boussioux AM, Pons M, Nicolas JC, Casellas C: Reporter cell lines to study the estrogenic effects of xenoestrogens. Sci Total Environ. 1999 Aug 15;233(1-3):47-56.

MCF-7 cells which express the endogenous estrogen receptor alpha (ER alpha) were stably transfected with only an estrogen-regulated luciferase gene.
In all of the models, nonylphenol mixture (NPm), 4n-nonylphenol (4nNP), 2,4'-DDE, 4,4'-DDE and wastewater sewage treatment effluent were active, while PCB mixture (Aroclor 1254), PCB 77, atrazine and lindane (gamma hexachlorocyclohexane) were inactive.
3(0,0,0,3) Details
18992306 Li J, Li N, Ma M, Giesy JP, Wang Z: In vitro profiling of the endocrine disrupting potency of organochlorine pesticides. Toxicol Lett. 2008 Dec 15;183(1-3):65-71. Epub 2008 Oct 17.


Aspects of neuro-endocrine system modulation include interactions such as agonism or antagonism of estrogen receptor (ER) binding.
3(0,0,0,3) Details
9460653 Petit F, Le Goff P, Cravedi JP, Valotaire Y, Pakdel F: Two complementary bioassays for screening the estrogenic potency of xenobiotics: recombinant yeast for trout estrogen receptor and trout hepatocyte cultures. J Mol Endocrinol. 1997 Dec;19(3):321-35.

In our study, 50% of the 49 chemical compounds tested exhibited estrogenic activity in the two bioassays: the herbicide diclofop-methyl; the fungicides biphenyl, dodemorph, and triadimefon; the insecticides lindane, methyl parathion, chlordecone, dieldrin, and endosulfan; polychlorinated biphenyl mixtures; the plasticizers or detergents alkylphenols and phthalates; and phytoestrogens.
2(0,0,0,2) Details
11872169 Lee HS, Miyauchi K, Nagata Y, Fukuda R, Sasagawa S, Endoh H, Kato S, Horiuchi H, Takagi M, Ohta A: Employment of the human estrogen receptor beta ligand-binding domain and co-activator SRC1 nuclear receptor-binding domain for the construction of a yeast two-hybrid detection system for endocrine disrupters. J Biochem. 2002 Mar;131(3):399-405.


We constructed two-hybrid systems that co-express the Gal4p DNA binding domain/ligand-binding domain of human estrogen receptor (hER) alpha or beta and the Gal4p transactivation domain/nuclear receptor-binding domain of co-activator SRC1, TIF2, or AIB1 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae with a chromosome-integrated lacZ reporter gene under the control of Gal4p-binding sites.
2(0,0,0,2) Details
15541753 Villa R, Bonetti E, Penza ML, Iacobello C, Bugari G, Bailo M, Parolini O, Apostoli P, Caimi L, Ciana P, Maggi A, Di Lorenzo D: Target-specific action of organochlorine compounds in reproductive and nonreproductive tissues of estrogen-reporter male mice. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2004 Dec 1;201(2):137-48.


The present work tests, in transgenic estrogen-reporter mice (ERE-tK-LUC), whether this increase is sufficient to modulate the estrogen receptors (ERs) in the whole body.
2(0,0,0,2) Details
12948864 Zou E, Matsumura F: Long-term exposure to beta-hexachlorocyclohexane (beta-HCH) promotes transformation and invasiveness of MCF-7 human breast cancer cells. Biochem Pharmacol. 2003 Sep 1;66(5):831-40.


Additionally, beta-HCH has recently been identified as an environmental estrogen capable of activating estrogen receptor (ER) through a ligand-independent pathway.
2(0,0,0,2) Details
8800639 Flouriot G, Pakdel F, Ducouret B, Valotaire Y: Influence of xenobiotics on rainbow trout liver estrogen receptor and vitellogenin gene expression. J Mol Endocrinol. 1995 Oct;15(2):143-51.

We showed that chlordecone, nonylphenol, a polychlorobiphenol (PCB) mixture (Aroclor 1245) and lindane were able to induce ER and Vg mRNA accumulation.
2(0,0,0,2) Details
9872718 Celius T, Haugen TB, Grotmol T, Walther BT: A sensitive zonagenetic assay for rapid in vitro assessment of estrogenic potency of xenobiotics and mycotoxins. Environ Health Perspect. 1999 Jan;107(1):63-8.

When cells were treated with xenoestrogens or mycotoxins in combination with an estrogen receptor inhibitor (ICI 182,780), the induction of both zr proteins and vitellogenin was inhibited in all cases.
Cells were treated with doses of 1, 5, and 10 microM 4-nonylphenol (4-NP), o, p'-DDT, lindane ([gamma]-HCH), and bisphenol A (BPA), which all induced zr proteins and vitellogenin in an approximate dose-dependent manner.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
16896612 Dhooge W, Arijs K, D'Haese I, Stuyvaert S, Versonnen B, Janssen C, Verstraete W, Comhaire F: Experimental parameters affecting sensitivity and specificity of a yeast assay for estrogenic compounds: results of an interlaboratory validation exercise. Anal Bioanal Chem. 2006 Nov;386(5):1419-28. Epub 2006 Aug 3.

The same was true for 4,4'-DDE and lindane, dissolved in ethanol, a result that might be attributable to an inappropriate yeast start concentration and/or growth stage.
Therefore it fulfills the requirements as a first step screening assay to evaluate the capacity of chemicals to interact with the estrogen receptor.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
8783812 Tiemann U, Schneider F, Tuchscherer A: Effects of organochlorine pesticides on DNA synthesis of cultured oviductal and uterine cells and on estrogen receptor of uterine tissue from heifers. Arch Toxicol. 1996;70(8):490-6.

1(0,0,0,1) Details
7524197 Laws SC, Carey SA, Hart DW, Cooper RL: Lindane does not alter the estrogen receptor or the estrogen-dependent induction of progesterone receptors in sexually immature or ovariectomized adult rats. Toxicology. 1994 Sep 6;92(1-3):127-42.

It has been suggested that gamma-HCH may block the response of estrogen-dependent tissues to estradiol via an interaction with the estrogen receptor.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
17640349 Wong PS, Matsumura F: Promotion of breast cancer by beta-hexachlorocyclohexane in MCF10AT1 cells and MMTV-neu mice. BMC Cancer. 2007 Jul 17;7:130.

BACKGROUND: Exposure to beta-Hexachlorocyclohexane (beta-HCH), a contaminant of the hexachlorohexane pesticide lindane, has been implicated as a risk factor in the development of breast cancers in epidemiological studies.
Previous studies in our laboratory have demonstrated the ability of beta-HCH to elicit its actions via a ligand-independent activation of the estrogen receptor through increased c-Neu (= erbB2 or HER-2) expression and kinase activation in both the BG-1 and MCF-7 cell lines.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
8968093 Steinmetz R, Young PC, Caperell-Grant A, Gize EA, Madhukar BV, Ben-Jonathan N, Bigsby RM: Novel estrogenic action of the pesticide residue beta-hexachlorocyclohexane in human breast cancer cells. Cancer Res. 1996 Dec 1;56(23):5403-9.


The prototypical xenoestrogen o,p'-dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (o,p'-DDT) acts by binding and activating the estrogen receptor (ER).
1(0,0,0,1) Details
15458791 Penza M, Bonetti E, Villa R, Ganzerla S, Bergonzi R, Biasiotto G, Caimi L, Apostoli P, Ciana P, Maggi A, Di Lorenzo D: Whole body action of xenoestrogens with different chemical structures in estrogen reporter male mice. Toxicology. 2004 Dec 1;205(1-2):65-73.


By a time dependent analysis of the transgenic reporter expression (luciferase), we showed that all these chemicals modulated the estrogen receptors (ERs) in the whole body, although with a different efficacy and depending upon the tissue analyzed.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
10580743 Maruyama S, Fujimoto N, Yin H, Ito A: Growth stimulation of a rat pituitary cell line MtT/E-2 by environmental estrogens in vitro and in vivo. Endocr J. 1999 Aug;46(4):513-20.


Binding assays showed the test chemicals were able to compete with 3H-E2 binding to the estrogen receptor (ER).
1(0,0,0,1) Details
17537412 Maranghi F, Rescia M, Macri C, Di Consiglio E, De Angelis G, Testai E, Farini D, De Felici M, Lorenzetti S, Mantovani A: Lindane may modulate the female reproductive development through the interaction with ER-beta: an in vivo-in vitro approach. Chem Biol Interact. 2007 Aug 15;169(1):1-14. Epub 2007 Apr 22.

Since both estrogen receptors (ER-alpha and -beta) have shown to be target for endocrine disruption, we investigated the role of gamma-HCH on the development of female reproductive system.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
15084752 Gennings C, Carter WH Jr, Carney EW, Charles GD, Gollapudi BB, Carchman RA: A novel flexible approach for evaluating fixed ratio mixtures of full and partial agonists. Toxicol Sci. 2004 Jul;80(1):134-50. Epub 2004 Apr 14.


The methods are illustrated with a combination of six chemicals in an estrogen receptor-alpha (ER-alpha) reporter gene assay.
1(0,0,0,1) Details