Protein Information

Name alcohol dehydrogenase (protein family or complex)
Synonyms ADH; alcohol dehydrogenase; alcohol dehydrogenases

Compound Information

Name MAA
CAS methylarsonic acid

Reference List

PubMed Abstract RScore(About this table)
2575292 Eisses KT: Teratogenicity and toxicity of ethylene glycol monomethyl ether (2-methoxyethanol) in Drosophila melanogaster: involvement of alcohol dehydrogenase activity. Teratog Carcinog Mutagen. 1989;9(5):315-25.

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11064603 Konno M: [Comparison between leucyl aminopeptidase and pseudo leucine aminopeptidase activities in sera]. Rinsho Byori. 2000 Aug;48(8):771-7.


I observed inpatients with very high activities of LAP and alcohol dehydrogenase (AD) in sera.
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1778363 Smialowicz RJ, Riddle MM, Rogers RR, Copeland CB, Luebke RW, Andrews DL: Evaluation of the immunotoxicity of orally administered 2-methoxyacetic acid in Fischer 344 rats. Fundam Appl Toxicol. 1991 Nov;17(4):771-81.


These results, along with results of experiments in which ME-induced suppression of the PFC response to TNP-LPS was reversed by 4-methylpyrazole, an inhibitor of the oxidation of ME to MAA by alcohol dehydrogenase, indicate that MAA is the proximate immunotoxicant following exposure to the glycol ether 2-methoxyethanol.
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3358259 Sleet RB, Greene JA, Welsch F: The relationship of embryotoxicity to disposition of 2-methoxyethanol in mice. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 1988 Apr;93(2):195-207.


Alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) catalyzes the initial rate-limiting oxidation that leads to embryotoxicity.
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8365577 Smialowicz RJ, Riddle MM, Williams WC: Methoxyacetaldehyde, an intermediate metabolite of 2-methoxyethanol, is immunosuppressive in the rat. Fundam Appl Toxicol. 1993 Jul;21(1):1-7.


In contrast, coadministration of the alcohol dehydrogenase inhibitor 4-methylpyrazole (1.2 mmol/kg) with ME or MEA blocked suppression of the PFC response following exposure to ME or MEA alone.
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1853347 Smialowicz RJ, Riddle MM, Luebke RW, Copeland CB, Andrews D, Rogers RR, Gray LE, Laskey JW: Immunotoxicity of 2-methoxyethanol following oral administration in Fischer 344 rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 1991 Jul;109(3):494-506.


Concomitant exposure of rats to ME and the alcohol dehydrogenase inhibitor 4-methylpyrazole blocked ME-induced suppression of this PFC response.
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6499806 Foster PM, Creasy DM, Foster JR, Gray TJ: Testicular toxicity produced by ethylene glycol monomethyl and monoethyl ethers in the rat. Environ Health Perspect. 1984 Aug;57:207-17.


When animals were pretreated with inhibitors of alcohol metabolism followed by a testicular toxic dose of EGME (500 mg/kg), an inhibitor of alcohol dehydrogenase (pyrazole) offered complete protection.
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10379843 Eisses KT: Concurrent teratogenic and mutagenic action of 2-methoxyethanol in Drosophila melanogaster larvae resulted in similar phenotypes: close resemblance to directed mutations. Teratog Carcinog Mutagen. 1999;19(3):183-204.


Administration of 2-ME to larvae, containing the highly active alcohol dehydrogenase variant ADH-71k, exposed the mitotic germ cells and the mitotic somatic cells of the imaginal discs simultaneously to the mutagen MAALD and the teratogen MAA, respectively.
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19489025 Schroer K, Zelic B, Oldiges M, Lutz S: Metabolomics for biotransformations: Intracellular redox cofactor analysis and enzyme kinetics offer insight into whole cell processes. Biotechnol Bioeng. 2009 Oct 1;104(2):251-60.


The cells overexpressing an alcohol dehydrogenase from Lactobacillus brevis were used for the reduction of methyl acetoacetate (MAA) with substrate-coupled cofactor regeneration by oxidation of 2-propanol.
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7604387 Eisses KT: Differences in teratogenic and toxic properties of alcohol dehydrogenase inhibitors pyrazole and 4-methylpyrazole in Drosophila melanogaster: I. Teratog Carcinog Mutagen. 1995;15(1):1-10.

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1526376 Smialowicz RJ, Williams WC, Riddle MM, Andrews DL, Luebke RW, Copeland CB: Comparative immunosuppression of various glycol ethers orally administered to Fischer 344 rats. Fundam Appl Toxicol. 1992 May;18(4):621-7.


Concomitant administration of the alcohol dehydrogenase inhibitor 4-methylpyrazole with ME or MEA prevented suppression of the PFC response by these glycol ethers.
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