Protein Information

Name CD31
Synonyms Alpha 2 globin variant; Alpha one globin; Alpha 1 globin; Alpha 1 thalassemia globin gene; Alpha 2 globin; Alpha globin; Alpha globin gene; CD31…

Compound Information

Name SMA
CAS sodium 2-chloroacetate

Reference List

PubMed Abstract RScore(About this table)
19997799 Ohta M, Kawabata T, Yamamoto M, Tanaka T, Kikuchi H, Hiramatsu Y, Kamiya K, Baba M, Konno H: TSU68, an antiangiogenic receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor, induces tumor vascular normalization in a human cancer xenograft nude mouse model. Surg Today. 2009;39(12):1046-53. Epub 2009 Dec 8.


Immunofluorescence double staining for CD31 and alpha-SMA was performed, and a medical video endoscopy system with narrowband illumination (NBI) was used to visualize the vascular pattern.
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19234706 Sharma AK, Donovan JL, Hagerty JA, Sullivan RR, Edassery SL, Harrington DA, Cheng EY: Do current bladder smooth muscle cell isolation procedures result in a homogeneous cell population? Implications for bladder tissue engineering. World J Urol. 2009 Oct;27(5):687-94. Epub 2009 Feb 21.


Antibody staining of cultured cells consisted of alpha-SMA, von Willebrand factor, pan-cytokeratin, CD31, and CD90.
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19683877 Mataliotakis G, Doukas M, Kostas I, Lykissas M, Batistatou A, Beris A: Sensory innervation of the subregions of the scapholunate interosseous ligament in relation to their structural composition. J Hand Surg Am. 2009 Oct;34(8):1413-21. Epub 2009 Aug 15.


The microscopic features were investigated with use of a standard hematoxylin-eosin stain and immunostains for S-100, neurofilaments, neuron-specific enolase, protein gene product 9.5, CD31, and smooth muscle actin.
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19807823 Luzar B, Calonje E: Morphological and immunohistochemical characteristics of atypical fibroxanthoma with a special emphasis on potential diagnostic pitfalls: a review. J Cutan Pathol. 2009 Oct 6.


This study expands the spectrum of non-vascular CD31 positive tumors.
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20041970 Khan M, Mohsin S, Khan SN, Riazuddin S: Repair of senescent myocardium by mesenchymal stem cells is dependent on the age of donor mice. J Cell Mol Med. 2009 Dec 11.


Reduction in the LV fibrotic area was concomitant with neovascularization as demonstrated by CD31 and SMA expression.
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17965528 Morishita C, Jin E, Kikuchi M, Egawa S, Fujiwara M, Ohaki Y, Ghazizadeh M, Takemura T, Kawanami O: Angiogenic switching in the alveolar capillaries in primary lung adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma. J Nippon Med Sch. 2007 Oct;74(5):344-54.


CD31 was consistently expressed in normal and ADC tissues, but each endothelial cell marker was often attenuated or even lost in SCC, suggesting degeneration or necrosis of the alveolar capillaries.
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19271685 Mokry J, Ehrmann J, Karbanova J, Cizkova D, Soukup T, Suchanek J, Filip S, Kolar Z: Expression of intermediate filament nestin in blood vessels of neural and non-neural tissues. Acta Medica (Hradec Kralove). 2008;51(3):173-9.


To reach this goal we performed double immunofluorescent study to co-localize nestin with endothelium-specific markers (CD31, CD34 II, vimentin) or markers of perivascular cells (GFAP, SMA) in paraffin-embedded sections of normal human brain tissue, low- and high-grade gliomas, postinfarcted heart and samples of non-neural tumours.
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18177424 Ruger BM, Breuss J, Hollemann D, Yanagida G, Fischer MB, Mosberger I, Chott A, Lang I, Davis PF, Hocker P, Dettke M: Vascular morphogenesis by adult bone marrow progenitor cells in three-dimensional fibrin matrices. Differentiation. 2008 Sep;76(7):772-83. Epub 2008 Jan 3.


Developed vascular structures expressed the endothelial markers CD34, VEGFR-2, CD31, von Willebrand Factor (vWF), and podocalyxin, showed basement-membrane-lined lumina containing CD45+ cells and were surrounded by alpha-smooth muscle actin (SMA) expressing mural cells.
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19093260 Hornychova H, Melichar B, Tomsova M, Mergancova J, Urminska H, Ryska A: Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes predict response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in patients with breast carcinoma. Cancer Invest. 2008 Dec;26(10):1024-31.

In the remaining 63 patients, a significant decrease in the percentage of Ki-67, vascular endothelial growth factor expression, CD68 (+) monocytes, and increased CD31 (+), CD34 (+), and SMA (+) stromal vessels, maximal CD3 (+) and CD56 (+) lymphocyte, maximal and mean CD83 (+) cell, maximal CD1a (+), and maximal and mean S100 (+) cell counts were observed after neoadjuvant chemotherapy.
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17822316 Raica M, Cimpean AM, Anghel A: Immunohistochemical expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) does not correlate with microvessel density in renal cell carcinoma. Neoplasma. 2007;54(4):278-84.


MVD was separately calculated on slides stained with CD31 and CD105.
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19852056 Zimmerlin L, Donnenberg VS, Pfeifer ME, Meyer EM, Peault B, Rubin JP, Donnenberg AD: Stromal vascular progenitors in adult human adipose tissue. . Cytometry A. 2010 Jan;77(1):22-30.


Immunohistostaining of intact adipose tissue was used to identify three markers (CD31, CD34, and CD146), which together unambiguously discriminate histologically distinct inner and outer rings of vessel-associated stromal cells, as well as capillary and small vessel endothelial cells.
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19929197 Takeuchi H, Hashimoto N, Kitai R, Kubota T, Kikuta KI: Proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells in glioblastoma multiforme. . J Neurosurg. 2009 Nov 20.


Microvessel densities (MVDs) of CD31-immunoreactive vessels (CD31-MVD) and SMA-immunoreactive vessels (SMA-MVD) were obtained in areas selected from white matter, boundary, tumor (concentrated area of tumor cells), and perinecrosis.
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19134051 Vanheule E, Geerts AM, Van Huysse J, Schelfhout D, Praet M, Van Vlierberghe H, De Vos M, Colle I: An intravital microscopic study of the hepatic microcirculation in cirrhotic mice models: relationship between fibrosis and angiogenesis. Int J Exp Pathol. 2008 Dec;89(6):419-32.


Thereafter, liver samples were taken for sirius red, CD31, Ki67, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and alpha-smooth muscle actin (alpha-SMA) evaluation by immunohistochemistry (IHC).
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20044951 Lee SH, Leem HS, Jeong SM, Lee K: Bevacizumab accelerates corneal wound healing by inhibiting TGF-beta2 expression in alkali-burned mouse cornea. BMB Rep. 2009 Dec 31;42(12):800-5.


Corneal repair was assessed through histological analysis and immunostaining for CD31, alpha-SMA, collagen I, and TGF-beta2 7 days post-injury.
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19934363 Dong H, Wang Q, Zhang Y, Jiang B, Xu X, Zhang Z: Angiogenesis induced by hVEGF165 gene controlled by hypoxic response elements in rabbit ischemia myocardium. Exp Biol Med. 2009 Dec;234(12):1417-24.


Microvessel densities of CD31 (+) and alpha-SMA (+) regenerated vessels were also evaluated.
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17846326 Sales VL, Engelmayr GC Jr, Johnson JA Jr, Gao J, Wang Y, Sacks MS, Mayer JE Jr: Protein precoating of elastomeric tissue-engineering scaffolds increased cellularity, enhanced extracellular matrix protein production, and differentially regulated the phenotypes of circulating endothelial progenitor cells. Circulation. 2007 Sep 11;116(11 Suppl):I55-63.


Endothelial progenitor cells were CD31+, vWF+, and alpha-SMA- before seeding confirmed by immunohistochemistry and immunoblotting.
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19219682 Wang T, Shi W: Expression of fibroblast activation proteins in corneal stromal neovascularization. Curr Eye Res. 2009 Feb;34(2):112-7.


Blood vessel endothelium was identified for PECAM-1 (CD31).
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19683567 Xu X, Kherada N, Hong X, Quan C, Zheng L, Wang A, Wold LE, Lippmann M, Chen LC, Rajagopalan S, Sun Q: Diesel exhaust exposure induces angiogenesis. Toxicol Lett. 2009 Dec 1;191(1):57-68. Epub 2009 Aug 14.


Macrophage infiltration was enhanced and CD31 expression increased in the scaffolds, which was coupled by increased alpha-smooth muscle actin (alpha-SMA) expression.
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19573338 Wang T, Shi WY, Li SX, Liu MN: [Relationship between corneal neovascularization and various relevant biological factors in surrounding cornea stroma of rats]. Zhonghua Yan Ke Za Zhi. 2009 Feb;45(2):158-63.


Platelet-endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 (CD31) was used to identify the vascular endothelial cells.
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19729486 Li J, Qu X, Bertram JF: Endothelial-myofibroblast transition contributes to the early development of diabetic renal interstitial fibrosis in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. Am J Pathol. 2009 Oct;175(4):1380-8. Epub 2009 Sep 3.


The endothelial-myofibroblast transition was also studied in MMECs (a mouse pancreatic microvascular endothelial cell line) and primary cultures of CD31+/EYFP- (enhanced yellow fluorescent protein) endothelial cells isolated from adult normal alpha-smooth muscle actin promoter-driven-EYFP (alpha-SMA/EYFP) mouse kidneys.
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19231391 Hamamoto H, Gorman JH 3rd, Ryan LP, Hinmon R, Martens TP, Schuster MD, Plappert T, Kiupel M, St John-Sutton MG, Itescu S, Gorman RC: Allogeneic mesenchymal precursor cell therapy to limit remodeling after myocardial infarction: the effect of cell dosage. Ann Thorac Surg. 2009 Mar;87(3):794-801.


CD31 and smooth muscle actin (SMA) immunohistochemical staining was performed on infarct and borderzone specimens to quantify vascular density.
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18384688 Pavlakis K, Messini I, Vrekoussis T, Yiannou P, Keramopoullos D, Louvrou N, Liakakos T, Stathopoulos EN: The assessment of angiogenesis and fibroblastic stromagenesis in hyperplastic and pre-invasive breast lesions. BMC Cancer. 2008 Apr 2;8:88.


METHODS: 78 in situ ductal carcinomas of all degrees of differentiation, 22 atypical ductal hyperplasias, 25 in situ lobular carcinomas, 18 atypical lobular hyperplasias, 32 ductal epithelial hyperplasias of usual type and 8 flat atypias were immunohistochemically investigated for the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), smooth muscle actin (SMA) and CD34, while microvessel density (MVD) was counted using the anti-CD31 antibody.
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18084768 Jugold M, Palmowski M, Huppert J, Woenne EC, Mueller MM, Semmler W, Kiessling F: Volumetric high-frequency Doppler ultrasound enables the assessment of early antiangiogenic therapy effects on tumor xenografts in nude mice. Eur Radiol. 2008 Apr;18(4):753-8. Epub 2007 Dec 15.


In correspondence, vessel density, as determined by CD31 staining, was 0.19 +/- 0.10% in treated and 0.92 +/- 0.41% in untreated tumors (P < 0.01).
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17941111 Henderson JA, He X, Jabbari E: Concurrent differentiation of marrow stromal cells to osteogenic and vasculogenic lineages. Macromol Biosci. 2008 Jun 11;8(6):499-507.


Sheets of abundant Pecam (CD31), Flk-1 (VEGFR-2), tomato lectin (TL/LEL), and alpha-smooth muscle actin (alpha-SMA) positive cells were observed in the collagen scaffolds.
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19289397 Brizzola S, de Eguileor M, Brevini T, Grimaldi A, Congiu T, Neuenschwander P, Acocella F: Morphologic features of biocompatibility and neoangiogenesis onto a biodegradable tracheal prosthesis in an animal model. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg. 2009 Jun;8(6):610-4. Epub 2009 Mar 16.


Blood vessel neoformation was visible with CD31 expression localized at the endothelial cells forming the neovascular walls.
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18802012 Hao Q, Liu J, Pappu R, Su H, Rola R, Gabriel RA, Lee CZ, Young WL, Yang GY: Contribution of bone marrow-derived cells associated with brain angiogenesis is primarily through leukocytes and macrophages. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2008 Dec;28(12):2151-7. Epub 2008 Sep 18.


The GFP-positive BMDCs were colocalized with CD45 (94%), CD68 (71%), 5% Vimentin (5%), CD31/von Willebrand factor (vWF) (1%), and alpha-smooth muscle actin (alpha -SMA, 0.5%).
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18446631 Pauli J, Gundelach R, Vanelli-Rees A, Rees G, Campbell C, Dubey S, Perry C: Juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma: an immunohistochemical characterisation of the stromal cell. Pathology. 2008 Jun;40(4):396-400.


Our objective is to evaluate the immunohistochemical phenotype of the stromal cell of JNA, particularly within the proliferative zone of the tumour, by application of antibodies against MNF116, CAM5.2, S-100, CD31, CD34, CD99, CD68, vimentin, EMA, SMA, desmin, calponin, Bcl-2 and (CD117) c-kit in a series of 54 cases.
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18597617 Lin G, Garcia M, Ning H, Banie L, Guo YL, Lue TF, Lin CS: Defining stem and progenitor cells within adipose tissue. . Stem Cells Dev. 2008 Dec;17(6):1053-63.


Our results show that alpha-SMA and CD31 localized within smooth muscle and endothelial cells, respectively, in all blood vessels examined.
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20123452 Abedalthagafi M, Rushing EJ, Auerbach A, Desouki MM, Marwaha J, Wang Z, Fanburg-Smith JC: Sporadic cutaneous angiosarcomas generally lack hypoxia-inducible factor 1alpha: a histologic and immunohistochemical study of 45 cases. Ann Diagn Pathol. 2010 Feb;14(1):15-22. Epub 2009 Dec 11.


CD31 highlighted malignant endothelial cells.
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19114984 Liu Y, Lui EL, Friedman SL, Li L, Ye T, Chen Y, Poon RT, Wo J, Kok TW, Fan ST: PTK787/ZK22258 attenuates stellate cell activation and hepatic fibrosis in vivo by inhibiting VEGF signaling. Lab Invest. 2009 Feb;89(2):209-21. Epub 2008 Dec 29.


These beneficial effects were associated with reduced phosphorylation of Akt and suppressed mRNA expression of procollagen-(I), TIMP-1, matrix metalloproteinase-9 and CD31.
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17974953 Zeisberg EM, Potenta S, Xie L, Zeisberg M, Kalluri R: Discovery of endothelial to mesenchymal transition as a source for carcinoma-associated fibroblasts. Cancer Res. 2007 Nov 1;67(21):10123-8.


Such endothelial to mesenchymal transition (EndMT) is associated with the emergence of mesenchymal marker fibroblast-specific protein-1 (FSP1) and down-regulation of CD31/PECAM.
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19591554 Bellini C, Rutigliani M, Boccardo FM, Bonioli E, Campisi C, Grillo F, Bellini T, Valenzano M, Fulcheri E: Nuchal translucency and lymphatic system maldevelopment. J Perinat Med. 2009;37(6):673-6.


We found that all 18 cases were D2-40 positive, CD31 positive, and CD34 negative, suggesting the presence of nuchal lymph vessel ectasia.
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18590220 Zhu M, Gao JH, Lu F: [Cell biological study of cultured cells derived from the fattyoffluid portions of liposuction aspirates]. Zhonghua Zheng Xing Wai Ke Za Zhi. 2008 Mar;24(2):138-44.


CD29, CD44, CD34, which were the markers of mesenchymal stem cells, vWF, CD31, CD105, SMA were all expressed in ASCs.
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19264887 Baba T, Grebe R, Hasegawa T, Bhutto I, Merges C, McLeod DS, Lutty GA: Maturation of the fetal human choriocapillaris. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2009 Jul;50(7):3503-11. Epub 2009 Mar 5.


METHODS: Immunohistochemistry was performed on cryopreserved sections of embryonic/fetal human eyes from 7 to 22 weeks' gestation (WG), using antibodies against PAL-E, PV-1 (fenestrations), carbonic anhydrase IV (CA IV), eNOS, and alpha-smooth muscle actin (alphaSMA) and NG2 (two pericyte markers) and the EC marker (CD31).
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18713669 Layman H, Sacasa M, Murphy AE, Murphy AM, Pham SM, Andreopoulos FM: Co-delivery of FGF-2 and G-CSF from gelatin-based hydrogels as angiogenic therapy in a murine critical limb ischemic model. Acta Biomater. 2009 Jan;5(1):230-9. Epub 2008 Aug 3.


Leg reperfusion was assessed with laser Doppler perfusion imaging, while capillary outgrowth in the ischemic leg was evaluated using CD31 (+) and alpha-SMA immunostaining.
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18655369 Szpor J, Dyduch G: From hamartoma to splenic hemangioma. . Pol J Pathol. 2008;59(1):33-41.


Immunohistochemistry including CD34, CD31, factor VIII, CD8, CD21, CD68, lysosyme, GLUT-1, D2-40, VEGFR3, SMA, Ki67 were performed. 8 benign vascular lesions were identified, including two hamartomas, two lesions representing sclerosing angiomatoid nodular transformation (SANT) and four hemangiomas.
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17571460 Ke Q, Erbolat, Zhang HY, Bu H, Li S, Shi DN, Yang GH, Chen HJ, Wei B: Clinicopathologic features of pleomorphic hyalinizing angiectatic tumor of soft parts. Chin Med J. 2007 May 20;120(10):876-81.


Immunohistochemical stains for vimentin, S-100 protein, CD34, CD31, CD99, VEGF, desmin, CD117, alpha-SMA, and MIB-1 were performed with the Envision system.
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