Protein Information

Name plasminogen activator inhibitor
Synonyms Endothelial plasminogen activator inhibitor; PAI; PAI 1; PAI1; PAIE; PLANH 1; Plasminogen activator inhibitor 1…

Compound Information

Name SMA
CAS sodium 2-chloroacetate

Reference List

PubMed Abstract RScore(About this table)
19462508 Hawinkels LJ, Verspaget HW, van der Reijden JJ, van der Zon JM, Verheijen JH, Hommes DW, Lamers CB, Sier CF: Active TGF-beta1 correlates with myofibroblasts and malignancy in the colorectal adenoma-carcinoma sequence. Cancer Sci. 2009 Apr;100(4):663-70.


Active TGF-beta1 levels correlated significantly with plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI)-1, alpha-smooth muscle actin (SMA) and several matrix-remodeling proteinases.
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18502066 Yang Y, Yang S, Chen M, Zhang X, Zou Y, Zhang X: Compound Astragalus and Salvia miltiorrhiza Extract exerts anti-fibrosis by mediating TGF-beta/Smad signaling in myofibroblasts. J Ethnopharmacol. 2008 Jul 23;118(2):264-70. Epub 2008 Apr 18.


To test this hypothesis, we induced fibrosis in rats by twice weekly injections of carbon tetrachloride (CCl (4)) and Smad2 phosphorylation was measured by immunohistochemical method; protein expression in myofibroblasts (MFBs) induced by TGF-beta1 was analyzed by western blotting and plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 (PAI-1) transcriptional activity in MFBs was evaluated.
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18687328 Swaney JS, Moreno KM, Gentile AM, Sabbadini RA, Stoller GL: Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) is a novel fibrotic mediator in the eye. . Exp Eye Res. 2008 Oct;87(4):367-75. Epub 2008 Jul 18.


S1P stimulated the expression of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) and heat shock protein 47 (HSP47), two proteins that are linked to increased tissue fibrosis.
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19167828 Zhang Z, Garron TM, Li XJ, Liu Y, Zhang X, Li YY, Xu WS: Recombinant human decorin inhibits TGF-beta1-induced contraction of collagen lattice by hypertrophic scar fibroblasts. Burns. 2009 Jun;35(4):527-37. Epub 2009 Jan 23.


Decorin also inhibited TGF-beta (1)-induced alpha-smooth muscle actin (alpha-SMA), plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) protein and mRNA expressions in normal and hypertrophic scar fibroblasts.
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18050204 Clancy RM, Zheng P, O'Mahony M, Izmirly P, Zavadil J, Gardner L, Buyon JP: Role of hypoxia and cAMP in the transdifferentiation of human fetal cardiac fibroblasts: implications for progression to scarring in autoimmune-associated congenital heart block. Arthritis Rheum. 2007 Dec;56(12):4120-31.


MDL12,330A, an adenylate cyclase inhibitor that lowers the levels of cAMP, increased expression of fibrosis-related proteins (mammalian target of rapamycin, SMA, plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1, and type I collagen), while the cAMP activator forskolin attenuated transforming growth factor beta-elicited fibrosing end points in the cardiac fibroblasts.
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20160437 Hu Y, Liang H, Du Y, Zhu Y, Wang X: Curcumin Inhibits Transforming Growth Factor-beta Activity via Inhibition of Smad Signaling in HK-2 Cells. Am J Nephrol. 2010 Feb 17;31(4):332-341.


Results:Curcumin inhibited TGF-beta (1)-induced plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), alpha-smooth muscle actin (alpha-SMA) mRNA and protein expression.
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17997227 Lacmann A, Hess D, Gohla G, Roussa E, Krieglstein K: Activity-dependent release of transforming growth factor-beta in a neuronal network in vitro. Neuroscience. 2007 Dec 12;150(3):647-57. Epub 2007 Sep 29.


Treatment of the cultures with KCl, 3-veratroylveracevine (veratridine), glutamate or carbamylcholine chloride (carbachol) increased the levels of secreted TGF-beta, as assessed by the MLEC/plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI)-luciferase-assay, whereas TGF-beta release stimulated by KCl or veratridine was reduced in the presence of tetrodotoxin or 1,2-bis (2-aminophenoxy) ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid (BAPTA).
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19643931 Jung GS, Kim MK, Choe MS, Lee KM, Kim HS, Park YJ, Choi HS, Lee KU, Park KG, Lee IK: The orphan nuclear receptor SHP attenuates renal fibrosis. . J Am Soc Nephrol. 2009 Oct;20(10):2162-70. Epub 2009 Jul 30.


Accumulating evidence suggests that TGF-beta and plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 (PAI-1) promote the development of renal fibrosis by stimulating the generation and inhibiting the removal of matrix proteins.
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