Protein Information

Name IL 6
Synonyms 26 kd protein; B cell differentiation factor; B cell stimulatory factor 2; BSF 2; BSF2; CDF; CTL differentiation factor; HGF…

Compound Information

Name SMA
CAS sodium 2-chloroacetate

Reference List

PubMed Abstract RScore(About this table)
19500472 Chang YS, Oh W, Choi SJ, Sung DK, Kim SY, Choi EY, Kang S, Jin HJ, Yang YS, Park WS: Human umbilical cord blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells attenuate hyperoxia-induced lung injury in neonatal rats. Cell Transplant. 2009;18(8):869-86. Epub 2009 Apr 9.


At P14, the harvested lungs were examined for morphometric analyses of alveolarization and TUNEL staining, as well as the myeoloperoxidase activity, the level of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, interleukin (IL)-6, and transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta mRNA, alpha-smooth muscle actin (SMA) protein, and collagen levels.
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20150166 Pletinck A, Consoli C, Van Landschoot M, Steppan S, Topley N, Passlick-Deetjen J, Vanholder R, Van Biesen W: Salt intake induces epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition of the peritoneal membrane in rats. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2010 Feb 11.


After 2 weeks, samples of peritoneum were taken, and TGF-beta (1), Interleukin 6 (IL-6) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) mRNA expression were quantified with qRT-PCR.
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19996325 Nishida A, Andoh A, Imaeda H, Inatomi O, Shiomi H, Fujiyama Y: Expression of interleukin 1-like cytokine interleukin 33 and its receptor complex (ST2L and IL1RAcP) in human pancreatic myofibroblasts. Gut. 2010 Apr;59(4):531-41. Epub 2009 Dec 8.


IL33 rapidly induced the phosphorylation of MAPKs and IkappaBalpha, and enhanced the expression of inflammatory mediators (IL6, IL8, IP-10, Gro-alpha, Gro-beta and MCP-1) in IL4- or IFNgamma-pretreated cells.
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17977791 Bommireddy R, Doetschman T: TGFbeta1 and Treg cells: alliance for tolerance. Trends Mol Med. 2007 Nov;13(11):492-501. Epub 2007 Oct 30.

TGFbeta1 prevents abnormal T-cell activation through the modulation of Ca2+-calcineurin signaling in a Caenorhabditis elegans Sma and Drosophila Mad proteins (SMAD) 3 and SMAD4-independent manner; however, in Treg cells, its effects are mediated, at least in part, through SMAD signaling.
TGFbeta1 also acts as a pro-inflammatory cytokine and induces interleukin (IL)-17-producing pathogenic T-helper cells (Th IL-17 cells) synergistically during an inflammatory response in which IL-6 is produced.
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17997848 Armah HB, Wilson NO, Sarfo BY, Powell MD, Bond VC, Anderson W, Adjei AA, Gyasi RK, Tettey Y, Wiredu EK, Tongren JE, Udhayakumar V, Stiles JK: Cerebrospinal fluid and serum biomarkers of cerebral malaria mortality in Ghanaian children. Malar J. 2007 Nov 12;6:147.


Serum and CSF levels of 36 different biomarkers (IL-1beta, IL-1ra, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-9, IL-10, IL-12 (p70), IL-13, IL-15, IL-17, Eotaxin, FGF basic protein, CRP, G-CSF, GM-CSF, IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha, IP-10, MCP-1 (MCAF), MIP-1alpha, MIP-1beta, RANTES, SDF-1alpha, CXCL11 (I-TAC), Fas-ligand [Fas-L], soluble Fas [sFas], sTNF-R1 (p55), sTNF-R2 (p75), MMP-9, TGF-beta1, PDGF bb and VEGF) were measured and the results compared between the 3 groups.
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18365870 Solini A, Santini E, Madec S, Cuccato S, Ferrannini E: Effects of endothelin-1 on fibroblasts from type 2 diabetic patients: Possible role in wound healing and tissue repair. Growth Factors. 2007 Dec;25(6):392-9.


We compared the effect of ET-1 on proliferative transforming growth factor (TGFbeta (1)) expression, fibronectin and laminin release), differentiative [alpha-smooth muscle actin (alpha-SMA) expression] and inflammatory [monocyte chemo-attractant protein (MCP-1) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) expression] responses in skin fibroblasts of healthy subjects (C) and D, testing the relative role of ET (A) and ET (B) receptors in mediating these responses.
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18972133 Ouma C, Davenport GC, Were T, Otieno MF, Hittner JB, Vulule JM, Martinson J, Ong'echa JM, Ferrell RE, Perkins DJ: Haplotypes of IL-10 promoter variants are associated with susceptibility to severe malarial anemia and functional changes in IL-10 production. Hum Genet. 2008 Dec;124(5):515-24. Epub 2008 Oct 30.


Since polymorphic variability in innate immune response genes conditions susceptibility to malaria, the relationship between common IL-10 promoter variants (-1,082A/G, -819T/C, and -592A/C), SMA (Hb < 6.0 g/dL), and circulating inflammatory mediator levels (i.e., IL-10, TNF-alpha, IL-6 and IL-12) were investigated in parasitemic Kenyan children (n = 375) in a holoendemic P. falciparum transmission area.
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20159698 He Y, Chen BL, Yang RP, Ren M, Zeng ZR: [Comparison of the pathogenesis of liver fibrosis induced by pig serum exposure and bile duct ligation in rats.]. Nan Fang Yi Ke Da Xue Xue Bao. 2010 Feb;30(2):270-4.


Quantitative real time PCR (qPCR) analysis was employed to quantify the mRNA expression of the genes related to inflammation, including interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), IL-6, monocyte chemotactic protein-1, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, regulated upon activation normal T cell expressed and secreted (RANTES), transforming growth factor-beta, platelet-derived growth factor A, as well as the genes associated with fibrogenesis, namely collagen 1, alphaSMA, MMP-9 and TIMP-1.
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18328066 Maeda K, Koda M, Matono T, Sugihara T, Yamamoto S, Ueki M, Murawaki Y, Yamashita N, Nishiyama S: Preventive effects of ME3738 on hepatic fibrosis induced by bile duct ligation in rats. Hepatol Res. 2008 Jul;38(7):727-35. Epub 2008 Mar 4.


The gene expressions of collagen-I, transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1), tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1 (TIMP-1), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) in the liver were examined by real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR).
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18383347 Zhang W, Zhu W, Zhang J, Li N, Li J: Protective effects of glucagon-like peptide 2 on intestinal ischemia-reperfusion rats. Microsurgery. 2008;28(4):285-90.


In the pretreatment rats with GLP-2 (group C), Chiu's scores, bacterial colony counts, serum D-lactate, intestinal mucosal MDA and ET-1, and serum endotoxin, TNF-alpha and IL-6 were significantly reduced compared with intestinal I/R rats (group B).
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17579091 Vepachedu R, Gorska MM, Singhania N, Cosgrove GP, Brown KK, Alam R: Unc119 regulates myofibroblast differentiation through the activation of Fyn and the p38 MAPK pathway. J Immunol. 2007 Jul 1;179(1):682-90.


Unc119 stimulates the production of TGF-beta and IL-6, known inducers of myofibroblast differentiation.
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20038715 Wang S, Schmaderer C, Kiss E, Schmidt C, Bonrouhi M, Porubsky S, Gretz N, Schaefer L, Kirschning CJ, Popovic ZV, Grone HJ: Recipient Toll-like receptors contribute to chronic graft dysfunction by both MyD88- and TRIF-dependent signaling. Dis Model Mech. 2010 Jan-Feb;3(1-2):92-103. Epub 2009 Dec 28.


The intragraft concentrations of IL-6, IL-10, monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) and IL-12p70 were significantly lower.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
19822164 Tsai MK, Lin YL, Huang YT: Effects of salvianolic acids on oxidative stress and hepatic fibrosis in rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2010 Jan 15;242(2):155-64. Epub 2009 Oct 12.


In vivo studies showed that the hepatic levels of collagen, malondialdehyde, TNF-alpha, IL-6, and IL-1beta, fibrosis scores and protein expressions of alpha-SMA, heme-oxygenase-1, iNOS, and gp91 (phox), and serum levels of ALT, AST, IL-6, and IL-1beta were increased in TAA-intoxicated rats, all of which were attenuated by 4-week treatment of Sal A or Sal B.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
17933841 Li M, Hering-Smith KS, Simon EE, Batuman V: Myeloma light chains induce epithelial-mesenchymal transition in human renal proximal tubule epithelial cells. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2008 Mar;23(3):860-70. Epub 2007 Oct 12.


LC-induced EMT and the secretions of IL-6 and MCP-1 were, however, markedly attenuated by p38 MAPK interference.
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19056781 Dudas PL, Argentieri RL, Farrell FX: BMP-7 fails to attenuate TGF-beta1-induced epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in human proximal tubule epithelial cells. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2009 May;24(5):1406-16. Epub 2008 Dec 4.


BMP-7 activity was routinely confirmed by examining BMP-7-induced phosphorylation of SMADs 1/5/8, BMP-7 regulation of BMPR-IA, BMP-7-mediated reduction of IL-6 transcript expression and BMP-7-mediated reduction of secreted IL-6 and IL-8 proteins.
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19143945 Efrati S, Berman S, Chachashvili A, Cohen N, Siman-Tov Y, Averbukh Z, Weissgarten J: Rosiglitazone treatment attenuates renal tissue inflammation generated by urinary tract obstruction. Nephrology. 2009 Apr;14(2):189-97.


The animals were killed and their kidneys allocated following 1 h, 24 h or 2 weeks, for pathological examination or for intrarenal transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta, interleukin (IL)-4, IL-6, IL-10 and nitric oxide (NO) assessment by specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
20144743 Pulavendran S, Vignesh J, Rose C: Differential anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic activity of transplanted mesenchymal vs. hematopoietic stem cells in carbon tetrachloride-induced liver injury in mice. Int Immunopharmacol. 2010 Apr;10(4):513-9. Epub 2010 Feb 6.


Immunostaining for the expression of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin 6 (IL-6), alpha smooth muscle actin (alpha-SMA) and type I collagen proteins was carried out and the expression of these mRNAs was also studied.
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19345372 Liu KX, Li YS, Huang WQ, Li C, Liu JX, Li Y: Immediate but not delayed postconditioning during reperfusion attenuates acute lung injury induced by intestinal ischemia/reperfusion in rats: comparison with ischemic preconditioning. J Surg Res. 2009 Nov;157(1):e55-62. Epub 2008 Dec 13.


RESULTS: Histologic results showed severe damage in rat lungs in the injury group evidenced by increased lung wet/dry weight ratio and pulmonary permeability index, which was accompanied by increases in the levels of plasma TNFalpha and IL-6, the pulmonary malondialdehyde (MDA), and the pulmonary myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity and a decrease in superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity.
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19723340 Weng TC, Shen CC, Chiu YT, Lin YL, Kuo CD, Huang YT: Inhibitory effects of armepavine against hepatic fibrosis in rats. J Biomed Sci. 2009 Sep 2;16:78.


Moreover, Arm attenuated the mRNA expression levels of col 1alpha2, TGF-beta1, TIMP-1, ICAM-1, iNOS, and IL-6 genes, but up-regulated metallothionein genes.
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17988555 Chen XH, Cao ZZ, Yang ZF, Li L, Zhong NS: [Effects of beclomethasone dipropionate and budesonide on interleukin-13 induced cytokine release, proliferation and differentiation of the human lung fibroblasts]. Zhonghua Jie He He Hu Xi Za Zhi. 2007 Aug;30(8):599-604.


The supernatants were collected for the measurement of eotaxin and IL-6.
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19862334 Seong GJ, Hong S, Jung SA, Lee JJ, Lim E, Kim SJ, Lee JH: TGF-beta-induced interleukin-6 participates in transdifferentiation of human Tenon's fibroblasts to myofibroblasts. Mol Vis. 2009 Oct 21;15:2123-8.

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18035585 Yu JH, Kim KH, Kim H: SOCS 3 and PPAR-gamma ligands inhibit the expression of IL-6 and TGF-beta1 by regulating JAK2/STAT3 signaling in pancreas. Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 2008;40(4):677-88. Epub 2007 Oct 12.

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18176958 Chen WX, Wang F, Liu YY, Zeng QJ, Sun K, Xue X, Li X, Yang JY, An LH, Hu BH, Yang JH, Wang CS, Li ZX, Liu LY, Li Y, Zheng J, Liao FL, Han D, Fan JY, Han JY: Effect of notoginsenoside R1 on hepatic microcirculation disturbance induced by gut ischemia and reperfusion. World J Gastroenterol. 2008 Jan 7;14(1):29-37.


The expression of adhesion molecules CD11b/CD18 in neutrophils and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) in plasma were evaluated by flow cytometry.
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19413671 Yang YY, Lee KC, Huang YT, Lee FY, Chau GY, Loong CC, Lin HC, Lee SD: Inhibition of hepatic tumour necrosis factor-alpha attenuates the anandamide-induced vasoconstrictive response in cirrhotic rat livers. Liver Int. 2009 May;29(5):678-85.


METHODS: Portal venous pressure (PVP), superior mesenteric arterial blood flow (SMA BF), hepatic TNF-alpha, interleukin (IL-6), protein expression of CB (1) and CB (2) receptor and thromboxane synthase (TXS) were measured in bile duct-ligated (BDL) rats receiving 1-month of vehicle (BDL-V) or thalidomide (BDL-thalido).
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18477569 Kihm LP, Wibisono D, Muller-Krebs S, Pfisterer F, Morath C, Gross ML, Morcos M, Seregin Y, Bierhaus A, Nawroth PP, Zeier M, Schwenger V: RAGE expression in the human peritoneal membrane. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2008 Oct;23(10):3302-6. Epub 2008 May 13.


The expression of CD3, IL-6, activated NFkappaBp65, VEGF, transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1, smooth-muscle actin (SMA), methylglyoxal (MGO) and RAGE was analysed immunohistochemically.
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18473419 Chen H, He YW, Liu WQ, Zhang JH: Rosiglitazone prevents murine hepatic fibrosis induced by Schistosoma japonicum. World J Gastroenterol. 2008 May 14;14(18):2905-11.


Radioimmunonassay technique was used to detect the serum content changes of TNF-alpha and IL-6.
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19863672 Orzechowska BU, Manoharan M, Sprague J, Estep RD, Axthelm MK, Wong SW: Viral interleukin-6 encoded by rhesus macaque rhadinovirus is associated with lymphoproliferative disorder (LPD). J Med Primatol. 2009 Oct;38 Suppl 1:2-7.

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17660075 Dwivedi AJ, Wu R, Nguyen E, Higuchi S, Wang H, Krishnasastry K, Marini CP, Ravikumar TS, Wang P: Adrenomedullin and adrenomedullin binding protein-1 prevent acute lung injury after gut ischemia-reperfusion. J Am Coll Surg. 2007 Aug;205(2):284-93. Epub 2007 Jun 21.


Tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-6 gene expression and their protein levels in the lungs were measured by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, respectively.
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