Protein Information

Name GFAP
Synonyms GFAP; Glial fibrillary acidic protein; Glial fibrillary acidic proteins

Compound Information

Name SMA
CAS sodium 2-chloroacetate

Reference List

PubMed Abstract RScore(About this table)
19925561 Mohapatra I, Santosh V, Chickabasaviah YT, Mahadevan A, Tandon A, Ghosh A, Chidambaram B, Sampath S, Bhagavatula ID, Chandramouli BA, Kolluri SV, Shankar SK: Histological and immunohistochemical characterization of AT/RT: A report of 15 cases from India. Neuropathology. 2009 Nov 18.


The number of cases positive for these were: CK (53%), SMA (60%), synaptophysin (66%), NFP (33.3%) and GFAP (85%).
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19271685 Mokry J, Ehrmann J, Karbanova J, Cizkova D, Soukup T, Suchanek J, Filip S, Kolar Z: Expression of intermediate filament nestin in blood vessels of neural and non-neural tissues. Acta Medica (Hradec Kralove). 2008;51(3):173-9.


To reach this goal we performed double immunofluorescent study to co-localize nestin with endothelium-specific markers (CD31, CD34 II, vimentin) or markers of perivascular cells (GFAP, SMA) in paraffin-embedded sections of normal human brain tissue, low- and high-grade gliomas, postinfarcted heart and samples of non-neural tumours.
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18508359 Carotti S, Morini S, Corradini SG, Burza MA, Molinaro A, Carpino G, Merli M, De Santis A, Muda AO, Rossi M, Attili AF, Gaudio E: Glial fibrillary acidic protein as an early marker of hepatic stellate cell activation in chronic and posttransplant recurrent hepatitis C. Liver Transpl. 2008 Jun;14(6):806-14.

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19527786 Chang KT, Tsai MJ, Cheng YT, Chen JJ, Hsia RH, Lo YS, Ma YR, Weng CF: Comparative atomic force and scanning electron microscopy: an investigation of structural differentiation of hepatic stellate cells. J Struct Biol. 2009 Sep;167(3):200-8. Epub 2009 Jun 13.


The state of cultured rat HSCs was determined using primarily fluorescence microscopy (UV), immunofluorescence (IF) (Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), Desmin, alpha-smooth muscle actin (alpha-SMA), F-actin) and immunocytochemistry (ICC) (GFAP, Desmin, alpha-SMA, Fibulin-2).
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18344448 Kaempf S, Johnen S, Salz AK, Weinberger A, Walter P, Thumann G: Effects of bevacizumab (Avastin) on retinal cells in organotypic culture. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2008 Jul;49(7):3164-71. Epub 2008 Mar 14.


After 3 days in culture, the neural retinas alone and the retina-RPE-choroid complexes were analyzed histologically and immunohistochemically for the expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), vimentin, glutamine synthetase, rhodopsin, smooth muscle actin (SMA), and apoptosis.
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19816704 Karaoz E, Dogan BN, Aksoy A, Gacar G, Akyuz S, Ayhan S, Genc ZS, Yuruker S, Duruksu G, Demircan PC, Sariboyaci AE: Isolation and in vitro characterisation of dental pulp stem cells from natal teeth. Histochem Cell Biol. 2010 Jan;133(1):95-112. Epub 2009 Oct 9.


Ultrastructural characteristics of hNDP-SCs showed more developed and metabolically active cells. hNDP-SCs and hBM-MSCs expressed some adipogenic (leptin, adipophilin and PPARgamma), myogenic (desmin, myogenin, myosinIIa, and alpha-SMA), neurogenic (gamma-enolase, MAP2a,b, c-fos, nestin, NF-H, NF-L, GFAP and betaIII tubulin), osteogenic (osteonectin, osteocalcin, osteopontin, Runx-2, and type I collagen) and chondrogenic (type II collagen, SOX9) markers without any stimulation towards differentiation under basal conditions.
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18722368 Feilchenfeld Z, Yucel YH, Gupta N: Oxidative injury to blood vessels and glia of the pre-laminar optic nerve head in human glaucoma. Exp Eye Res. 2008 Nov;87(5):409-14. Epub 2008 Aug 5.


Immunostaining with nitrotyrosine, a footprint for peroxynitrite-mediated injury, was performed and sections were double-labeled with markers for vascular endothelial cells, perivascular smooth muscle cells, and astrocytes with CD34, smooth muscle actin (SMA), and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), respectively.
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19548033 Okabe H, Beppu T, Hayashi H, Horino K, Masuda T, Komori H, Ishikawa S, Watanabe M, Takamori H, Iyama K, Baba H: Hepatic stellate cells may relate to progression of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Ann Surg Oncol. 2009 Sep;16(9):2555-64. Epub 2009 Jun 23.


The HS cells in myofibroblasts of ICC were identified (double immunostaining) using antibodies for alpha-SMA, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), and desmin.
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17576007 Ilkhanizadeh S, Teixeira AI, Hermanson O: Inkjet printing of macromolecules on hydrogels to steer neural stem cell differentiation. Biomaterials. 2007 Sep;28(27):3936-43. Epub 2007 Jun 18.


NSCs cultured in parallel on the same hydrogels but in areas printed with ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) or fetal bovine serum (FBS) displayed a rapid induction of markers for astrocytic (glial fibrillary acidic protein, GFAP) or smooth muscle (smooth muscle actin, SMA) differentiation, respectively.
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19524557 Smithson LJ, Kawaja MD: A comparative examination of biomarkers for olfactory ensheathing cells in cats and guinea pigs. Brain Res. 2009 Aug 11;1284:41-53. Epub 2009 Jun 11.


Three conventional biomarkers for OECs, p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR), S100, and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), as well as two recently identified biomarkers, smooth muscle alpha-actin (SMA) and calponin, were used.
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18841827 Di Blasi A, Ferrara G, Antinolfi G, Dalena AM, Antinolfi F: [Clear cell adenomyoepithelioma of the ceruminous gland] . Pathologica. 2008 Jun;100(3):192-6.


Clear cells were weakly positive for CK18 and strongly positive for vimentin; they also displayed S100 protein and focal GFAP immunoreactivity.
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19216214 Samaras V, Stamatelli A, Samaras E, Stergiou I, Konstantopoulou P, Varsos V, Judkins AR, Biegel JA, Barbatis C: Atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumor of the central nervous system in an 18-year-old patient. Clin Neuropathol. 2009 Jan-Feb;28(1):1-10.


RESULTS: Histological and immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated atypical rhabdoid cells strongly and diffusely positive for EMA and Vimentin as well as focally immunoreactive for SMA and GFAP.
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17881083 Kajahn J, Gorjup E, Tiede S, von Briesen H, Paus R, Kruse C, Danner S: Skin-derived human adult stem cells surprisingly share many features with human pancreatic stem cells. Eur J Cell Biol. 2008 Jan;87(1):39-46. Epub 2007 Sep 19.


PGP 9.5+ and GFAP+), mesoderm (e.g. alpha-SMA+) and entoderm (e.g. amylase+ and albumin+).
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19052772 Van Rossen E, Vander Borght S, van Grunsven LA, Reynaert H, Bruggeman V, Blomhoff R, Roskams T, Geerts A: Vinculin and cellular retinol-binding protein-1 are markers for quiescent and activated hepatic stellate cells in formalin-fixed paraffin embedded human liver. Histochem Cell Biol. 2009 Mar;131(3):313-25. Epub 2008 Dec 4.


With immunohistochemistry we examined the expression of synemin, desmin, vimentin, vinculin, neurotrophin-3 (NT-3), alpha-smooth muscle actin (alpha-SMA), cellular retinol-binding protein-1 (CRBP-1), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), cysteine- and glycine-rich protein 2 (CRP2), and cytoglobin/stellate cell activation-associated protein (cygb/STAP).
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19688349 Karaoz E, Aksoy A, Ayhan S, Sariboyaci AE, Kaymaz F, Kasap M: Characterization of mesenchymal stem cells from rat bone marrow: ultrastructural properties, differentiation potential and immunophenotypic markers. Histochem Cell Biol. 2009 Nov;132(5):533-46. Epub 2009 Aug 14.


Immunohistochemistry and RT-PCR results indicated that BM-MSCs expressed myogenic (desmin, myogenin, myosin IIa, and alpha-SMA), neurogenic (gamma-enolase, MAP2a,b, c-fos, nestin, GFAP and beta III tubulin), and osteogenic (osteonectin, osteocalcin, osteopontin, Runx-2, BMP-2, BMP-4 and type I collagen) markers without stimulation towards differentiation.
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19146948 Maolood N, Meister B: Protein components of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) in the brainstem area postrema-nucleus tractus solitarius region. J Chem Neuroanat. 2009 May;37(3):182-95. Epub 2008 Dec 25.


To clarify the cellular localization of protein components of the BBB in the brainstem AP-NTS region, we used antisera to--(1) Tight junctions: claudin-5 and zona occludens-1 (ZO-1). (2) Endothelial cells: (a) all endothelial cells--rat endothelial cell antigen-1 (RECA-1) and (b) endothelial cells at BBB--endothelial barrier antigen (EBA), glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1) and transferrin receptor (TfR). (3) Basal lamina--laminin. (4) Vascular smooth muscle cells--smooth muscle actin (SMA). (5) Pericytes--chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan (NG2). (6) Glial cells: (a) astrocytes--glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), (b) tanycytes--dopamine- and cAMP-regulated phosphoprotein of 32 kDA (DARPP-32), and (c) microglia--CD11b.
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18075747 Simic G, Mladinov M, Seso Simic D, Jovanov Milosevic N, Islam A, Pajtak A, Barisic N, Sertic J, Lucassen PJ, Hof PR, Kruslin B: Abnormal motoneuron migration, differentiation, and axon outgrowth in spinal muscular atrophy. Acta Neuropathol. 2008 Mar;115(3):313-26. Epub 2007 Dec 13.


Subjects who died at older ages had increased number of GFAP-positive astrocytes.
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20126464 Lermen D, Gorjup E, Dyce PW, von Briesen H, Muller P: Neuro-muscular differentiation of adult porcine skin derived stem cell-like cells. PLoS One. 2010 Jan 29;5(1):e8968.


Subsequent immunochemistry and flow cytometry revealed the down-regulation of nestin and the up-regulation of the neuron specific protein beta-III-tubulin and the astrocyte marker GFAP.
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18602987 Norsted E, Gomuc B, Meister B: Protein components of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) in the mediobasal hypothalamus. J Chem Neuroanat. 2008 Oct;36(2):107-21. Epub 2008 Jun 18.


In order to clarify the nature of the BBB in the median eminence-arcuate nucleus complex, we have used immunohistochemistry and antisera to protein components of the BBB-(1) tight junctions, claudin-5 and zona occludens-1 (ZO-1); (2) endothelial cells: (a) all endothelial cells: rat endothelial cell antigen-1 (RECA-1), (b) endothelial cells at BBB: endothelial barrier antigen (EBA), glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1) and transferrin receptor (TfR), and (c) endothelial cells at CVOs: dysferlin; (3) basal lamina: laminin; (4) vascular smooth muscle cells: smooth muscle actin (SMA); (5) pericytes: chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan (NG2); (6) glial cells: (a) astrocytes: glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), (b) tanycytes: dopamine- and cAMP-regulated phosphoprotein of 32kDA (DARPP-32), (c) microglia: CD11b.
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18439235 Sachdeva MU, Vankalakunti M, Rangan A, Radotra BD, Chhabra R, Vasishta RK: The role of immunohistochemistry in medullomyoblastoma - a case series highlighting divergent differentiation. Diagn Pathol. 2008 Apr 25;3:18.


All these cases were subjected to a panel of immunohistochemical stains, including Desmin, GFAP, NFP, HMB45, SMA, S100, CK and EMA.
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