Protein Information

Name beta is
Synonyms "beta I"; Alpha II; Alpha tryptase; Beta I; Lung tryptase; Mast cell protease II; Mast cell tryptase; Pituitary tryptase…

Compound Information

Name SMA
CAS sodium 2-chloroacetate

Reference List

PubMed Abstract RScore(About this table)
18952846 Kita T, Hata Y, Arita R, Kawahara S, Miura M, Nakao S, Mochizuki Y, Enaida H, Goto Y, Shimokawa H, Hafezi-Moghadam A, Ishibashi T: Role of TGF-beta in proliferative vitreoretinal diseases and ROCK as a therapeutic target. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008 Nov 11;105(45):17504-9. Epub 2008 Oct 24.


TGF-beta is overexpressed in the vitreous of patients with proliferative vitreoretinal diseases and is also detectable in the contractile membranes.
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18988920 Shukla MN, Rose JL, Ray R, Lathrop KL, Ray A, Ray P: Hepatocyte growth factor inhibits epithelial to myofibroblast transition in lung cells via Smad7. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 2009 Jun;40(6):643-53. Epub 2008 Nov 6.


Since TGF-beta is known to regulate alpha-SMA expression, the effect of HGF on components of TGF-beta signaling was investigated.
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19747910 Chen H, Yang WW, Wen QT, Xu L, Chen M: TGF-beta-induced fibroblast activation protein expression, fibroblast activation protein expression increases the proliferation, adhesion, and migration of HO-8910PM. Exp Mol Pathol. 2009 Dec;87(3):189-94. Epub 2009 Sep 10.


We discover that TGF-beta is the dominant factor in promoting FAPalpha protein expression.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
19011237 Jobling AI, Gentle A, Metlapally R, McGowan BJ, McBrien NA: Regulation of scleral cell contraction by transforming growth factor-beta and stress: competing roles in myopic eye growth. J Biol Chem. 2009 Jan 23;284(4):2072-9. Epub 2008 Nov 14.


These results show that although reduced scleral TGF-beta is a major contributor to the extracellular matrix remodeling in the myopic eye, it is the resulting increase in scleral stress that dominates the competing TGF-beta effect, inducing increased alpha-SMA expression and, hence, producing a larger population of contractile cells in the myopic eye.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
18355371 Nonaka M, Pawankar R, Fukumoto A, Yagi T: Heterogeneous response of nasal and lung fibroblasts to transforming growth factor-beta 1. Clin Exp Allergy. 2008 May;38(5):812-21. Epub 2008 Mar 18.


TGF-beta is thought to participate in chronic inflammation and fibrosis.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
19286977 Ferguson HE, Kulkarni A, Lehmann GM, Garcia-Bates TM, Thatcher TH, Huxlin KR, Phipps RP, Sime PJ: Electrophilic peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma ligands have potent antifibrotic effects in human lung fibroblasts. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 2009 Dec;41(6):722-30. Epub 2009 Mar 13.


Transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta is up-regulated in fibrotic diseases, where it stimulates differentiation of fibroblasts to myofibroblasts and production of excess extracellular matrix.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
18423981 Denys H, Derycke L, Hendrix A, Westbroek W, Gheldof A, Narine K, Pauwels P, Gespach C, Bracke M, De Wever O: Differential impact of TGF-beta and EGF on fibroblast differentiation and invasion reciprocally promotes colon cancer cell invasion. Cancer Lett. 2008 Aug 8;266(2):263-74.


We report that TGF-beta is the unique and dominant factor to provide pro-invasive signals to HCT-8/E11 colon cancer cells from TGF-beta-treated human fibroblasts in three-dimensional collagen type I and Matrigel matrices.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
20042656 Tamiya S, Liu L, Kaplan HJ: Loss of cell-cell contact initiates epithelial-mesenchymal transition and proliferation of retinal pigment epithelial cells. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2009 Dec 30.


While TGF-beta is thought to be a classic inducer of EMT, it was unable to initiate EMT in RPE cells maintaining cell-cell contact.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
20131076 Liu H, Liu F, Peng Y, Liu Y, Li L, Tu X, Cheng M, Xu X, Chen X, Ling G, Sun L: Role of mast cells, stem cell factor and protease-activated receptor-2 in tubulointerstitial lesions in IgA nephropathy. Inflamm Res. 2010 Feb 4.


Monoclonal antibodies to human tryptase, alpha-SMA, and SCF and polyclonal antibody to PAR-2 were used as primary antibodies.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
19640259 Li J, Zhang Z, Wang D, Wang Y, Li Y, Wu G: TGF-beta 1/Smads signaling stimulates renal interstitial fibrosis in experimental AAN. J Recept Signal Transduct Res. 2009;29(5):280-5.


Collectively, the involvement in interstitial fibrosis progression of active TGF-beta is highly suggested, via the Smads intracellular signaling pathway.
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18832581 Liu AC, Gotlieb AI: Transforming growth factor-beta regulates in vitro heart valve repair by activated valve interstitial cells. Am J Pathol. 2008 Nov;173(5):1275-85. Epub 2008 Oct 2.


Because transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) has been implicated in tissue repair, we tested the hypothesis that TGF-beta is a regulator of VIC activation and associated cell responses that occur during early repair processes.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
18235011 Dawes LJ, Eldred JA, Anderson IK, Sleeman M, Reddan JR, Duncan G, Wormstone IM: TGF beta-induced contraction is not promoted by fibronectin-fibronectin receptor interaction, or alpha SMA expression. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2008 Feb;49(2):650-61.


PURPOSE: Transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta is a potent inducer of both transdifferentiation and contraction, which are regarded as critical processes that underpin tissue fibrosis.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
18813789 Naumann U, Maass P, Gleske AK, Aulwurm S, Weller M, Eisele G: Glioma gene therapy with soluble transforming growth factor-beta receptors II and III. Int J Oncol. 2008 Oct;33(4):759-65.

Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) is abundantly expressed in malignant gliomas and is crucial for the tumor micromilieu.
Binding of TGF-beta leads to the activation of an intracellular signaling cascade and subsequent phosphorylation of Sma and MAD-related proteins (SMAD).
1(0,0,0,1) Details