Protein Information

Name progestins (protein family or complex)
Synonyms adipoQ receptor; adipoQ receptors; adiponectin receptor; adiponectin receptors; progestin; progestins

Compound Information

Name DMPA
CAS

Reference List

PubMed Abstract RScore(About this table)
15997247 Clark MK, Dillon JS, Sowers M, Nichols S: Weight, fat mass, and central distribution of fat increase when women use depot-medroxyprogesterone acetate for contraception. Int J Obes. 2005 Oct;29(10):1252-8.

Given the potential long-term implication of these changes, further study is recommended to determine whether the gains in fatness are reversed following DMPA discontinuation and to examine the role of progestins in the development and maintenance of obesity.
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1533383 Enk L, Landgren BM, Lindberg UB, Silfverstolpe G, Crona N: A prospective, one-year study on the effects of two long acting injectable contraceptives (depot-medroxyprogesterone acetate and norethisterone oenanthate) on serum and lipoprotein lipids. Horm Metab Res. 1992 Feb;24(2):85-9.

Two parenterally administered progestins (depot medroxyprogesterone acetate, DMPA, 150 mg/12 weeks and norethisterone oenanthate, NET, 200 mg/8 weeks respectively) were given to women seeking contraceptive advice.
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8013219 Garza-Flores J: Pharmacokinetics of once-a-month injectable contraceptives. Contraception. 1994 Apr;49(4):347-59.

The addition of a short- or medium-acting estrogen ester to the long-acting progestins depot-medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) and norethisterone enanthate (NET-EN) to produce "combined" injectable formulations has proved a successful strategy in the development of once-a-month injectable contraceptives.
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8405216 Stanford JL, Thomas DB: Exogenous progestins and breast cancer. . Epidemiol Rev. 1993;15(1):98-107.

Use of the injectable contraceptive DMPA has been positively associated with risk of breast cancer in some subgroups of women, although no significant overall adverse effect has been observed in the two largest studies conducted to date.
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14667989 Nieschlag E, Zitzmann M, Kamischke A: Use of progestins in male contraception. Steroids. 2003 Nov;68(10-13):965-72.

MENT) are combined with injections of DMPA or noresthisterone enanthate or with implants containing levonorgestrel or etonogestrel.
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18470526 Bakry S, Merhi ZO, Scalise TJ, Mahmoud MS, Fadiel A, Naftolin F: Depot-medroxyprogesterone acetate: an update. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2008 Jul;278(1):1-12. Epub 2008 May 10.

AIM OF STUDY: Despite the fact that progestins are endogenous hormones that are secreted by the body, its excess might lead to detrimental health effects.
RESULTS: Depot-medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) is a highly effective, convenient non-daily hormonal contraceptive option that has been available worldwide for many years.
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16940442 Page ST, Amory JK, Anawalt BD, Irwig MS, Brockenbrough AT, Matsumoto AM, Bremner WJ: Testosterone gel combined with depomedroxyprogesterone acetate is an effective male hormonal contraceptive regimen and is not enhanced by the addition of a GnRH antagonist. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006 Nov;91(11):4374-80. Epub 2006 Aug 29.

INTRODUCTION: Exogenous androgens plus progestins can be used to suppress spermatogenesis, resulting in effective male hormonal contraception; however, induction of azoospermia can require 3-6 months, and these methods require injectable or implantable androgens.
We hypothesized that testosterone (T) transdermal gel (T gel) could be combined with a depot formulation of the progestin, depomedroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA), with or without the potent GnRH antagonist, acyline, to suppress spermatogenesis conveniently, rapidly, and reversibly.
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9714169 Cromer BA, Berg-Kelly KS, Van Groningen JP, Seimer BS, Ruusuvaara L: Depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (Depo-Provera) and levonorgestrel (Norplant) use in adolescents among clinicians in Northern Europe and the United States. J Adolesc Health. 1998 Aug;23(2):74-80.

PURPOSE: To compare attitudes and practices related to clinicians' use of depot medroxyprogesterone acetate [Depo-Provera (DMPA)] and levonorgestrel implants in adolescents in three northern European countries and the United States.
CONCLUSION: Clinicians in the United States and Great Britain display more enthusiasm toward the use of the long-term progestins in adolescents than do clinicians in Sweden or The Netherlands.
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1740193 Grimes DA: Progestins, breast cancer, and the limitations of epidemiology. Fertil Steril. 1992 Mar;57(3):492-4.

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17241834 Nelson AL, Katz T: Initiation and continuation rates seen in 2-year experience with Same Day injections of DMPA. Contraception. 2007 Feb;75(2):84-7. Epub 2006 Oct 31.

Experience with Same Day injections of longer-acting progestins is less well reported.
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12041960 Affandi B: Long-acting progestogens. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 2002 Apr;16(2):169-79.

Progestins in daily oral pills are effective for 24 hours.
Two progestogen-only injectables are widely available in the family planning programmes, (DMPA and NET-EN) and two combined injectables, Cyclofem (DMPA + EC), and Mesigyna (NET-EN + EV).
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10693187 Hewitt G, Cromer B: Update on adolescent contraception. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am. 2000 Mar;27(1):143-62.

Recent advances in OCPs include less androgenic progestins and lower doses of ethinyl estradiol.
DMPA is a safe and effective long-acting contraceptive agent; clinical attention should be directed to its most common side effect, irregular bleeding.
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10611200 Vincent AJ, Zhang J, Ostor A, Rogers PA, Affandi B, Kovacs G, Salamonsen LA: Matrix metalloproteinase-1 and -3 and mast cells are present in the endometrium of women using progestin-only contraceptives. Hum Reprod. 2000 Jan;15(1):123-30.

These results indicate that in women using progestin-only contraceptives, endometrial MMP-1, -3 and MC demonstrate similarities to menstrual phase controls but also variation with different progestins.
In this study comparisons were made of the immunolocalization of MMP-1 and -3 and MC in endometrium from women using Norplant or depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) with normal controls.
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6227506 Crona N, Enk L, Samsioe G, Silfverstolpe G, Skryten A: High-dose depot-medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) - effects on lipid and lipoprotein metabolism. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 1983 Oct;16(2):97-105.

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