Protein Information

Name hemoglobin (protein family or complex)
Synonyms Hemoglobin; Hemoglobins

Compound Information

Name acrolein
CAS 2-propenal

Reference List

PubMed Abstract RScore(About this table)
3236330 Hoberman HD, San George RC: Reaction of tobacco smoke aldehydes with human hemoglobin. . J Biochem Toxicol. 1988 Summer;3:105-19.

Formaldehyde and acrolein produced a heterogeneous mixture of derivatives including cross-linked hemoglobin dimers.
91(1,1,2,6) Details
2222504 Ferrali M, Ciccoli L, Signorini C, Comporti M: Iron release and erythrocyte damage in allyl alcohol intoxication in mice. Biochem Pharmacol. 1990 Oct 1;40(7):1485-90.

Studies carried out with reconstituted systems of erythrocyte lysates, containing ghosts and different fractions of erythrocyte cytosol and incubated in the presence of acrolein (the major metabolite of allyl alcohol), strongly suggest that iron is released from hemoglobin.
81(1,1,1,1) Details
19722825 Aldini G, Vistoli G, Regazzoni L, Benfatto MC, Bettinelli I, Carini M: Edaravone inhibits protein carbonylation by a direct carbonyl-scavenging mechanism: focus on reactivity, selectivity, and reaction mechanisms. Antioxid Redox Signal. 2010 Mar;12(3):381-92.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the ability of the well-known radical scavenging compound edaravone (EDA) to entrap and detoxify reactive carbonyl species (RCS) derived from lipid peroxidation [4-hydroxy-trans-2-nonenal (HNE), acrolein and glyoxal], as well as its ability to prevent RCS-induced protein carbonylation, by using hemoglobin (Hb) modified by HNE as an in vitro model.
31(0,1,1,1) Details
17034917 Scherer G, Engl J, Urban M, Gilch G, Janket D, Riedel K: Relationship between machine-derived smoke yields and biomarkers in cigarette smokers in Germany. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol. 2007 Mar;47(2):171-83. Epub 2006 Oct 10.

The following biomarkers were determined: In 24-h urine: Nicotine equivalents (molar sum of nicotine, cotinine, trans-3'-hydroxycotinine and their respective glucuronides), 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL, metabolite of the tobacco-specific nitrosamine 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone, NNK), 3-hydroxypropylmercapturic acid (metabolite of acrolein), trans,trans-muconic acid, S-phenylmercapturic acid (metabolites of benzene), 1-hydroxypyrene (metabolite of pyrene); in saliva: Cotinine and trans-3'-hydroxycotinine; in exhaled air: Carbon monoxide; in blood: Methyl-, hydroxyethyl-, cyanoethyl- (biomarker of acrylonitrile) and carbamoylethylvaline (biomarker of acrylamide) hemoglobin adducts.
31(0,1,1,1) Details
11162777 Ambalavanan N, Carlo WF, Bulger A, Shi J, Philips JB 3rd: Effect of cigarette smoke extract on neonatal porcine vascular smooth muscle cells. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2001 Jan 15;170(2):130-6.

The effects of known constituents of CSE (nicotine, benzopyrene, acrolein, acetaldehyde), aged CSE, CSE with added hemoglobin, devolatilized CSE, CSE with added dithiothreitol (DTT), and reduced glutathione (GSH) on cell proliferation and viability were assessed.
7(0,0,1,2) Details
11487471 Adams S, Green P, Claxton R, Simcox S, Williams MV, Walsh K, Leeuwenburgh C: Reactive carbonyl formation by oxidative and non-oxidative pathways. Front Biosci. 2001 Aug 1;6:A17-24.

We investigated model proteins and a variety of oxidative and non-oxidative reactions, as well as what effects hemoglobin, myoglobin, and cytochrome c might have on levels of protein carbonyls.
Other non-oxidative modification systems, in which proteins are incubated with various aldehydes, such as malondialdehyde, acrolein, glycolaldehyde, and glyoxal also generated significant amounts of carbonyls.
3(0,0,0,3) Details
2805232 Kautiainen A, Tornqvist M, Svensson K, Osterman-Golkar S: Adducts of malonaldehyde and a few other aldehydes to hemoglobin. . Carcinogenesis. 1989 Nov;10(11):2123-30.

2(0,0,0,2) Details
17140783 Subash Babu P, Prabuseenivasan S, Ignacimuthu S: Cinnamaldehyde--a potential antidiabetic agent. Phytomedicine. 2007 Jan;14(1):15-22. Epub 2006 Nov 30.


In addition, oral administration of cinnamaldehyde (20 mg/kg bw) significantly decreased glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA (1C)), serum total cholesterol, triglyceride levels and at the same time markedly increased plasma insulin, hepatic glycogen and high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol levels.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
19481578 Mendes P, Liang Q, Frost-Pineda K, Munjal S, Walk RA, Roethig HJ: The relationship between smoking machine derived tar yields and biomarkers of exposure in adult cigarette smokers in the US. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol. 2009 Oct;55(1):17-27. Epub 2009 May 28.

Methods: This study used a stratified, cross-sectional, multi-center design to estimate biomarkers of exposure (BOE) from nicotine, 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK), pyrene, CO, acrolein, and 1,3-butadiene and their relationship to tar yield categories of cigarette in adult smokers in the U.S. 3625 adults smokers were enrolled into four tar categories < or =2.9 mg (T1), 3.0-6.9 mg (T2), 7.0-12.9 mg (T3), and > or =13.0mg (T4).
Biomarkers were measured in blood (carboxyhemoglobin, 4-aminobiphenyl-hemoglobin (4-ABP-Hb)-adducts, serum cotinine) and 24h urine (nicotine and five metabolites, calculated as nicotine equivalents (NE), NNAL, 1-OH-pyrene, 3-HPMA, MHBMA and DHBMA).
1(0,0,0,1) Details
16490072 Hata I, Kaji M, Hirano S, Shigematsu Y, Tsukahara H, Mayumi M: Urinary oxidative stress markers in young patients with type 1 diabetes. Pediatr Int. 2006 Feb;48(1):58-61.

The concentrations of acrolein-lysine adducts, 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) were determined using competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and nitric oxide metabolites were measured using the colorimetric, non-enzymatic assay.
Hemoglobin A (1c) values were significantly correlated with 8-OHdG values.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
8319634 Eder E, Hoffman C, Sporer S, Scheckenbach S: Biomonitoring studies and susceptibility markers for acrolein congeners and allylic and benzyl compounds. Environ Health Perspect. 1993 Mar;99:245-7.

Of the biomonitoring methods investigated for allylic and benzyl compounds, the detection of cysteine and histidine adducts isolated from hemoglobin seems to be the most sensitive.
1(0,0,0,1) Details