Protein Information

Name transferase
Synonyms 4' phosphopantetheinyl transferase; 4' phosphopantetheinyl transferase; AASD PPT; AASDHPPT; AASDPPT; Alpha aminoadipic semialdehyde dehydrogenase phosphopantetheinyl transferase; Aminoadipate semialdehyde dehydrogenase phosphopantetheinyl transferase; CGI 80…

Compound Information

Name carbon tetrachloride
CAS tetrachloromethane

Reference List

PubMed Abstract RScore(About this table)
15337842 Askari FK, Dick R, Mao M, Brewer GJ: Tetrathiomolybdate therapy protects against concanavalin a and carbon tetrachloride hepatic damage in mice. Exp Biol Med. 2004 Sep;229(8):857-63.

Carbon tetrachloride given for 12 weeks resulted in very high serum amino leucine transferase levels, high serum transforming growth factor-beta levels, cirrhosis as seen histologically, and increase in liver hydroxyproline, a measure of fibrosis.
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16124045 Shen XH, Cheng WF, Li XH, Sun JQ, Li F, Ma L, Xie LM: Effects of dietary supplementation with vitamin E and selenium on rat hepatic stellate cell apoptosis. World J Gastroenterol. 2005 Aug 28;11(32):4957-61.

METHODS: An acute liver damage model of rats was established by intraperitoneal injection of carbon tetrachloride (0.3 mL/100 g body weight) twice a week, then the rats were killed at 6, 24, 48, and 72 h after the first and third injection, respectively.
Apoptotic HSCs were determined by dual staining with the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase UTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) and alpha-smooth muscle actin immunohistochemistry.
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19429383 Sathesh Kumar S, Ravi Kumar B, Krishna Mohan G: Hepatoprotective effect of Trichosanthes cucumerina Var cucumerina L. on carbon tetrachloride induced liver damage in rats. J Ethnopharmacol. 2009 Jun 22;123(2):347-50. Epub 2009 Mar 3.

Various biochemical parameters like alanine amino transferase (ALT), aspartate amino transferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), total bilirubin (TB), total protein (TP) and albumin (ALB) levels were estimated in serum as well as the glutathione (GSH) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in the liver were determined.
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17299060 Chakass D, Philippe D, Erdual E, Dharancy S, Malapel M, Dubuquoy C, Thuru X, Gay J, Gaveriaux-Ruff C, Dubus P, Mathurin P, Kieffer BL, Desreumaux P, Chamaillard M: micro-Opioid receptor activation prevents acute hepatic inflammation and cell death. Gut. 2007 Jul;56(7):974-81. Epub 2007 Feb 13.

MOR-deficient mice were used to evaluate the essential regulatory role of MOR during carbon tetrachloride (CCl (4))-induced hepatitis.
The role of DAMGO in cell death was investigated using terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labelling (TUNEL) analysis and quantification of lactate dehydrogenase release.
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18989868 Nogueira CW, Borges LP, Souza AC: Oral administration of diphenyl diselenide potentiates hepatotoxicity induced by carbon tetrachloride in rats. J Appl Toxicol. 2009 Mar;29(2):156-64.

The liver and kidney were utilized for determination of histopathology, biochemical [aspartate (ALT) and alanine (AST) aminotransferases, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), total bilirrubin (TB) and gamaglutamyl transferase (GGT)] and toxicological parameters [thiobarbituric reactive species (TBARS) levels, catalase activity, ascorbic acid, nonprotein thiols (NPSH) and aminolevulinate dehydratase (-ALA-D) activity].
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16376022 Agarwal M, Srivastava VK, Saxena KK, Kumar A: Hepatoprotective activity of Beta vulgaris against CCl4-induced hepatic injury in rats. Fitoterapia. 2006 Feb;77(2):91-3. Epub 2005 Dec 20.


Hepatotoxicity and its prevention were assessed by serum markers viz. cholesterol, triglyceride, alanine amino transferase and alkaline phosphatase.
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18071240 Ito Y, Watanabe T, Nagatomo S, Seki T, Niimi S, Ariga T: Annexin A3-expressing cellular phenotypes emerge from necrotic lesion in the pericentral area in 2-acetylaminofluoren/carbon tetrachloride-treated rat livers. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 2007 Dec;71(12):3082-9. Epub 2007 Dec 7.

In association with an elevation of alanine amino transferase (ALT) and aspartic acid amino transferase (AST) activities, hepatic AnxA3 mRNA increased markedly.
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19632202 Peng XD, Dai LL, Huang CQ, He CM, Yang B, Chen LJ: Relationship between anti-fibrotic effect of Panax notoginseng saponins and serum cytokines in rat hepatic fibrosis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2009 Oct 9;388(1):31-4. Epub 2009 Jul 24.

Hepatic fibrosis induced by carbon tetrachloride (CCl (4)) was studied in animal models using SD rats.
Liver index, serum alanine amino transferase (ALT), aspartate amino transferase (AST), transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1), tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interleukin-10 (IL-10) were measured, respectively.
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19554395 Shu JC, He YJ, Lv X, Ye GR, Wang LX: Curcumin prevents liver fibrosis by inducing apoptosis and suppressing activation of hepatic stellate cells. J Nat Med. 2009 Oct;63(4):415-20. Epub 2009 Jun 25.

Liver fibrosis was induced in 72 Sprague Dawley rats by intraperitoneal injection of carbon tetrachloride.
Hepatic stellate cells activity was examined by smooth muscle alpha-actin immunohistochemistry staining, and apoptosis was detected by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labeling.
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16831245 Wen T, Ren F, Liu Y, Wu ZM, Zhao JY: [Expression of Fas antigen and Fas ligand in acute liver injury induced by carbon tetrachloride in rat]. Zhongguo Wei Zhong Bing Ji Jiu Yi Xue. 2006 Jul;18(7):417-20.

Hepatocytes apoptosis were observed with terminal deoxynucleotidyl-transferase mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labeling (TUNEL) method.
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15511216 Das RK, Das S, Bhattacharya S: Protective effect of diphenylmethyl selenocyanate against carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxicity in vivo. J Environ Pathol Toxicol Oncol. 2004;23(4):287-96.

The Se compound also significantly (p < 0.01) inhibited the level of membrane lipid peroxidation and serum transferase activity (ALT and AST) in the treated group as compared to the control group.
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19069545 Patrick-Iwuanyanwu KC, Wegwu MO, Ayalogu EO: Prevention of CCl4-induced liver damage by ginger, garlic and vitamin E. . Pak J Biol Sci. 2007 Feb 15;10(4):617-21.

The hepatoprotective effects of garlic (Allium sativum), ginger (Zingiber officinale) and vitamin E pre-treatment against carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced liver damage in male wistar albino rats were investigated.
Serum alanine amino transferase, aspartate amino transferase and alkaline phosphatase levels, 24 h after CCl4 administration, decreased significantly (p < or = 0.05) in rats pre-treated with garlic, ginger, vitamin E and various mixtures of garlic and ginger than in CCl4-treated rats only.
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19141029 Yan Y, Xu W, Qian H, Si Y, Zhu W, Cao H, Zhou H, Mao F: Mesenchymal stem cells from human umbilical cords ameliorate mouse hepatic injury in vivo. Liver Int. 2009 Mar;29(3):356-65. Epub 2008 Dec 29.

METHODS: Human umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells, characterized by flow cytometry, were transplanted into carbon tetrachloride (CCl (4))-injured mice, and then followed for determination of localization and differentiation.
Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate (dUTP)-biotin nick end labelling and proliferating cell nuclear antigen staining showed that transplanted hUCMSCs could inhibit hepatocyte apoptosis and facilitate proliferation.
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17766677 Horrillo R, Planaguma A, Gonzalez-Periz A, Ferre N, Titos E, Miquel R, Lopez-Parra M, Masferrer JL, Arroyo V, Claria J: Comparative protection against liver inflammation and fibrosis by a selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor and a nonredox-type 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2007 Dec;323(3):778-86. Epub 2007 Aug 31.

Separate administration of 4-[5-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl] benzenesulfonami de (SC-236), a selective COX-2 inhibitor, and CJ-13,610, a 5-LO inhibitor, to carbon tetrachloride-treated mice significantly reduced fibrosis as revealed by the analysis of Sirius Red-stained liver sections without affecting necroinflammation.
Interestingly, SC-236 and CJ-13,610 significantly increased the number of nonparenchymal liver cells with apoptotic nuclei (terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labeling-positive).
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19548269 Ozturk IC, Ozturk F, Gul M, Ates B, Cetin A: Protective effects of ascorbic acid on hepatotoxicity and oxidative stress caused by carbon tetrachloride in the liver of Wistar rats. Cell Biochem Funct. 2009 Jul;27(5):309-15.

MDA, total glutathione (T.GSH) levels and superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX) activities were measured in the liver of all groups of rats and also serum alanine amino transferase (ALT) and aspartate amino transferase (AST) activities were detected to determine liver functions in all groups of rats.
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16613267 Liu Y, Liu P, Hu YY, Xu L, Wang L, Mu Y, Du G: [Dynamic change of metabolism related protein in liver tissue of rats' model of hepatic fibrosis and regulatory effect of fuzheng huayu decoction on it]. Zhongguo Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Za Zhi. 2006 Mar;26(3):224-7.

METHODS: Wistar rats were randomly divided into 3 groups: rats in the normal group only treated with subcutaneous injection of saline, rats in the model group and the FHD group were made into hepatic fibrosis by subcutaneous injection of 40% carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-olive solution and then those in the FHD group were treated with FHD by gastric perfusion after modeling.
RESULTS: (1) The integral response of vital movement such as body weight and activity of hepatic fibrosis declined in the CCl4 induced liver fibrosis rats; (2) Liver fibrosis were associated with abnormal metabolism; (3) There were four material metabolism-related protein showed by hepatic proteome mass spectrography, which expressed different between the normal and the fibrotic rats, i. e. the perchloric acid soluble protein, the phosphatidylinositol transferase, the phosphoglycerate kinase and the endoplasmic reticulum-60 protease; (4) The expressions of the above-mentioned four proteins in the FHD group were nearly the same as those of normal level.
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19304561 Lodhi G, Singh HK, Pant KK, Hussain Z: Hepatoprotective effects of Calotropis gigantea extract against carbon tetrachloride induced liver injury in rats. Acta Pharm. 2009 Mar;59(1):89-96.

Various biochemical parameters such as aspartate amino transferase (AST), alanine amino transferase (ALT), glutathione (GSH), lipid peroxide (LPO), superoxidedismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and catalase (CAT) were evaluated.
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20354059 Ajiboye TO: In vivo antioxidant potentials of Piliostigma thonningii (Schum) leaves: Studies on hepatic marker enzyme, antioxidant system, drug detoxifying enzyme and lipid peroxidation. Hum Exp Toxicol. 2010 Mar 30.

In this study, the in vivo antioxidant potentials of Piliostigma thonningii were investigated in carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatic and oxidative damage in rat.
Antioxidant enzyme activity as well as level of uridyl diphosphoglucuronosyl transferase, quinone oxidoreductase and glutathione S-transferase was significantly induced.
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19583937 Li HS, Feng Q, Xu LL, Chen SD, Li XM, Hu YY: [Effects of Qushi Huayu Decoction in prevention and treatment of fatty liver in rats based on adiponection-free fatty acid pathway]. Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Xue Bao. 2009 Jun;7(6):546-51.

METHODS: Forty Wistar male rats were used to establish the NAFLD model by subcutaneous injection of carbon tetrachloride (CCl (4)) for 4 weeks (twice weekly) along with high-fat and low-protein diet for 2 weeks.
After 2-week treatment, the following indexes were detected: (1) liver pathology; (2) contents of serum adiponectin (ADP) and liver triglyceride (TG); (3) concentrations of liver FFA, adiponectin receptor 2 (AdipoR2), malonyl-coenzyme A (malony1-CoA), AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACCase), fatty acid synthase (FAS) and carnitine palmitoyl transferase-1 (CPT-1).
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17904308 Gopal N, Sengottuvelu S: Hepatoprotective activity of Clerodendrum inerme against CCl4 induced hepatic injury in rats. Fitoterapia. 2008 Jan;79(1):24-6. Epub 2007 Aug 9.


The ethanolic extract of C. inerme significantly (P <0.001) decreases the serum enzyme alanine amino transferase (ALT), asparate amino transferase (AST), alkaline phosphates (ALP), triglycerides (TGL), total cholesterol (TC) and significantly increased the glutathione level.
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15952662 Shen XH, Cheng WF, Li XH, Xie LM, Sun J, Li F, Ma L: [Effect of antioxidant on hepatic stellate cell proliferation and apoptosis during recovery from liver fibrosis]. Wei Sheng Yan Jiu. 2005 Mar;34(2):194-6.


METHODS: Activated HSC was determined by alpha-smooth muscle actin immunohistochemistry staining and apoptotic HSC determined by dual staining both of the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase UTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) and of alpha-smooth muscle actin immunohistochemistry.
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15832821 Han SY, Huh CS, Ahn YT, Lim KS, Baek YJ, Kim DH: Hepatoprotective effect of lactic acid bacteria, inhibitors of beta-glucuronidase production against intestinal microflora. Arch Pharm Res. 2005 Mar;28(3):325-9.


When lactic acid bacteria at a dose of 0.5 or 2 g (wet weight)/kg was orally administered on CCl4-induced liver injury in mice, these bacteria significantly inhibited the increase of plasma alanine transferase and aspartate transferase activities by 17-57% and 57-66% of the CCl4 control group, respectively.
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15849816 Yao XX, Jiang SL, Tang YW, Yao DM, Yao X: Efficacy of Chinese medicine Yi-gan-kang granule in prophylaxis and treatment of liver fibrosis in rats. World J Gastroenterol. 2005 May 7;11(17):2583-90.


Anti-lipid peroxidation in isolated mitochondria and 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) colorimetric assay for proliferation and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-medicated dUTP-biotin nick end-labeling (TUNEL), flow cytometry and electron microscopy for apoptosis in isolated HSCs were also studied.
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18007553 Alvarez GC, Madrid-Marina V, Jimenez-Mendez R, Buitimea AL, Roman MB, Cortez-Gomez R, Esparza JR, Rodriguez-Fragoso L: Combined therapy with danazol, pegilated interferon, and ribavirin improves thrombocytopenia and liver injury in rats with fibrosis. Ann Hepatol. 2007 Oct-Dec;6(4):233-41.


PEG-IFN + ribavirin reduced the total bilirubin concentration by 27%, alanine amino transferase (ALT) activity by 75% and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (gamma-GTP) activity by 74% (P < 0.05).
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17391882 Orhan DD, Orhan N, Ergun E, Ergun F: Hepatoprotective effect of Vitis vinifera L. leaves on carbon tetrachloride-induced acute liver damage in rats. J Ethnopharmacol. 2007 May 30;112(1):145-51. Epub 2007 Feb 20.

Liver damage was assessed by using biochemical parameters (plasma and liver tissue MDA [malondialdehyde], transaminase enzyme levels in plasma [AST-aspartate transaminase, ALT-alanine transferase] and liver GSH [glutathione] levels).
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16732906 He YJ, Shu JC, Lu X, Fang L, Sheng Y: [Prophylactic effect of curcumin on hepatic fibrosis and its relationship with activated hepatic stellate cells]. Zhonghua Gan Zang Bing Za Zhi. 2006 May;14(5):337-40.

METHODS: A rat model of hepatic fibrosis was established by intraperitoneal injection of carbon tetrachloride.
HSC apoptosis was detected by double-stainings of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) and desmin immunohistochemistry staining.
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20209004 Adeneye AA: Protective activity of the stem bark aqueous extract of Musanga cecropioides in carbon tetrachloride- and acetaminophen-induced acute hepatotoxicity in rats. Afr J Tradit Complement Altern Med. 2009 Mar 7;6(2):131-8.

Its hepatoprotective activities were monitored by assaying for the serum aminotransferases, ornithine carbamoyl transferase and the toxicant-induced histopathological lesions in rat livers 24 hours post-induction.
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15581276 Ozardali I, Bitiren M, Karakilcik AZ, Zerin M, Aksoy N, Musa D: Effects of selenium on histopathological and enzymatic changes in experimental liver injury of rats. Exp Toxicol Pathol. 2004 Oct;56(1-2):59-64.


Thus, GSHPx may prevent the harmful effects of free radicals and may reduce the formation of the reactive metabolites of carbon tetrachloride.
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