Protein Information

Name cyclooxygenase 2
Synonyms COX 2; COX2; PHS2; PGG/HS; Cyclooxygenase 2; Cyclooxygenase 2b; Cycloxygenase 2; PGH synthase 2…

Compound Information

Name carbon tetrachloride
CAS tetrachloromethane

Reference List

PubMed Abstract RScore(About this table)
17191216 Basu S: Novel cyclooxygenase-catalyzed bioactive prostaglandin F2alpha from physiology to new principles in inflammation. Med Res Rev. 2007 Jul;27(4):435-68.


Since the discovery of a second isoform of COXs, it has been shown that PGF2alpha can be formed in vivo from arachidonic acid through both isoforms of COXs, namely cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2).
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16508911 Lee TH, Jawan B, Chou WY, Lu CN, Wu CL, Kuo HM, Concejero AM, Wang CH: Alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone gene therapy reverses carbon tetrachloride induced liver fibrosis in mice. J Gene Med. 2006 Jun;8(6):764-72.

Following gene transfer, both the activation of alpha-smooth muscle actin (alpha-SMA) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) was significantly attenuated.
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15765409 Julien B, Grenard P, Teixeira-Clerc F, Van Nhieu JT, Li L, Karsak M, Zimmer A, Mallat A, Lotersztajn S: Antifibrogenic role of the cannabinoid receptor CB2 in the liver. . Gastroenterology. 2005 Mar;128(3):742-55.

Growth inhibition involved cyclooxygenase-2, and apoptosis resulted from oxidative stress.
Carbon tetrachloride-induced liver fibrosis was studied in mice invalidated for CB2 receptors.
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19735183 Hsu CC, Hsu CL, Tsai SE, Fu TY, Yen GC: Protective effect of Millettia reticulata Benth against CCl (4)-induced hepatic damage and inflammatory action in rats. J Med Food. 2009 Aug;12(4):821-8.


Pretreatment with WEMRB also showed anti-inflammation on the expression of cyclooxygenase-2, inducible nitric oxide synthase, and myeloperoxidase, as well as nitrite and nitrate levels in the CCl (4)-induced Sprague-Dawley rats.
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17056761 Gonzalez-Periz A, Planaguma A, Gronert K, Miquel R, Lopez-Parra M, Titos E, Horrillo R, Ferre N, Deulofeu R, Arroyo V, Rodes J, Claria J: Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) blunts liver injury by conversion to protective lipid mediators: protectin D1 and 17S-hydroxy-DHA. FASEB J. 2006 Dec;20(14):2537-9. Epub 2006 Oct 20.

In vivo, dietary supplementation of mice with DHA ameliorated carbon tetrachloride-induced necroinflammatory damage.
In addition, hepatic cyclooxygenase-2 expression and PGE2 levels were significantly reduced in mice fed DHA-enriched diets.
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16539848 Chou WY, Lu CN, Lee TH, Wu CL, Hung KS, Concejero AM, Jawan B, Wang CH: Electroporative interleukin-10 gene transfer ameliorates carbon tetrachloride-induced murine liver fibrosis by MMP and TIMP modulation. Acta Pharmacol Sin. 2006 Apr;27(4):469-76.

Following gene transfer, both the activation of alpha-smooth muscle actin and cyclooxygenase-2 were significantly attenuated.
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19793341 Quan J, Piao L, Wang X, Li T, Yin X: Rossicaside B protects against carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxicity in mice. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol. 2009 Dec;105(6):380-6. Epub 2009 Sep 30.

Furthermore, the contents of hepatic nitrite, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and haem oxygenase-1 (HO-1) were elevated after CCl (4) treatment while the cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1)-specific monooxygenase activity was suppressed.
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16818635 Farazi PA, Zeisberg M, Glickman J, Zhang Y, Kalluri R, DePinho RA: Chronic bile duct injury associated with fibrotic matrix microenvironment provokes cholangiocarcinoma in p53-deficient mice. Cancer Res. 2006 Jul 1;66(13):6622-7.


These murine CCAs bear histologic and genetic features of human intrahepatic CCA, including dense peritumoral fibrosis, increased inducible nitric oxide synthase, nitrotyrosine, and cyclooxygenase-2 expression, c-Met activation, cErbB2 overexpression, down-regulation of membrane-associated E-cadherin, and p53 codon 248 mutation.
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20093790 Kim HY, Kim JK, Choi JH, Jung JY, Oh WY, Kim DC, Lee HS, Kim YS, Kang SS, Lee SH, Lee SM: Hepatoprotective effect of pinoresinol on carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatic damage in mice. J Pharmacol Sci. 2010 Jan;112(1):105-12.

The levels of protein and mRNA expression of inflammatory mediators, including tumor necrosis factor-alpha, inducible nitric oxide synthase, and cyclooxygenase-2, were significantly increased after CCl4 injection; and these increases were attenuated by pinoresinol.
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16434425 Lorenzo-Zuniga V, Rodriguez-Ortigosa CM, Bartoli R, Martinez-Chantar ML, Martinez-Peralta L, Pardo A, Ojanguren I, Quiroga J, Planas R, Prieto J: Insulin-like growth factor I improves intestinal barrier function in cirrhotic rats. Gut. 2006 Sep;55(9):1306-12. Epub 2006 Jan 24.


METHODS: In rats with carbon tetrachloride induced cirrhosis, we investigated the effect of IGF-I therapy on: (a) portal pressure; (b) intestinal histology and permeability to endotoxin and bacteria; (c) intestinal expression of cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) and tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), two factors that influence in a positive and negative manner, respectively, the integrity of the intestinal barrier; (d) intestinal permeability to 3H-mannitol in rats with bile duct ligation (BDL); and (e) transepithelial electrical resistance (TER) of polarised monolayers of rat small intestine epithelial cells.
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15876570 Planaguma A, Claria J, Miquel R, Lopez-Parra M, Titos E, Masferrer JL, Arroyo V, Rodes J: The selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor SC-236 reduces liver fibrosis by mechanisms involving non-parenchymal cell apoptosis and PPARgamma activation. FASEB J. 2005 Jul;19(9):1120-2. Epub 2005 May 4.

In this study, we tested the effects of SC-236, a selective cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 inhibitor, in rats with carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced liver fibrosis.
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17917259 Lee CH, Park SW, Kim YS, Kang SS, Kim JA, Lee SH, Lee SM: Protective mechanism of glycyrrhizin on acute liver injury induced by carbon tetrachloride in mice. Biol Pharm Bull. 2007 Oct;30(10):1898-904.

The levels of hepatic inducible nitric oxide synthase, cyclooxygenase-2, and heme oxygenase-1 protein expression were markedly higher after the CCl (4) treatment.
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18329682 Bhave VS, Donthamsetty S, Latendresse JR, Muskhelishvili L, Mehendale HM: Secretory phospholipase A2 mediates progression of acute liver injury in the absence of sufficient cyclooxygenase-2. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2008 Apr 15;228(2):225-38. Epub 2008 Jan 3.

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17766677 Horrillo R, Planaguma A, Gonzalez-Periz A, Ferre N, Titos E, Miquel R, Lopez-Parra M, Masferrer JL, Arroyo V, Claria J: Comparative protection against liver inflammation and fibrosis by a selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor and a nonredox-type 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2007 Dec;323(3):778-86. Epub 2007 Aug 31.

Separate administration of 4-[5-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl] benzenesulfonami de (SC-236), a selective COX-2 inhibitor, and CJ-13,610, a 5-LO inhibitor, to carbon tetrachloride-treated mice significantly reduced fibrosis as revealed by the analysis of Sirius Red-stained liver sections without affecting necroinflammation.
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18336855 Bhave VS, Donthamsetty S, Latendresse JR, Mehendale HM: Inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 aggravates secretory phospholipase A2-mediated progression of acute liver injury. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2008 Apr 15;228(2):239-46. Epub 2008 Jan 4.

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16420518 Hui AY, Leung WK, Chan HL, Chan FK, Go MY, Chan KK, Tang BD, Chu ES, Sung JJ: Effect of celecoxib on experimental liver fibrosis in rat. Liver Int. 2006 Feb;26(1):125-36.

BACKGROUND/AIM: Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), an inducible enzyme that catalyzes prostaglandin synthesis, has been implicated in a number of hepatic stellate cell (HSC) functions.
RESULTS: Liver fibrosis was significantly worse in rats that received both carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) and celecoxib, compared with rats that received CCl4 and gavage of water (P = 0.037).
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19151545 Kim SH, Cheon HJ, Yun N, Oh ST, Shin E, Shim KS, Lee SM: Protective effect of a mixture of Aloe vera and Silybum marianum against carbon tetrachloride-induced acute hepatotoxicity and liver fibrosis. J Pharmacol Sci. 2009 Jan;109(1):119-27.

The ACTIValoe N-931 complex attenuated the increase in tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), mRNA expressions in acute hepatotoxicity.
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19836219 Quan J, Yin X, Xu H: Boschniakia rossica prevents the carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxicity in rat. Exp Toxicol Pathol. 2009 Oct 14.

Furthermore, serum tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), hepatic nitrite level, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) protein contents were elevated while cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1) expression and function were inhibited.
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17565644 Tu CT, Guo JS, Wang M, Wang JY: Antifibrotic activity of rofecoxib in vivo is associated with reduced portal hypertension in rats with carbon tetrachloride-induced liver injury. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2007 Jun;22(6):877-84.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Upregulation of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), an inducible enzyme that is actively involved in inflammation and wound healing, has been found in cirrhotic livers.
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