Protein Information

Name Hepatocyte growth factor
Synonyms F TCF; HGF; SF; Fibroblast derived tumor cytotoxic factor; HGFB; HPTA; Hepatocyte growth factor; Hepatocyte growth factor precursor…

Compound Information

Name carbon tetrachloride
CAS tetrachloromethane

Reference List

PubMed Abstract RScore(About this table)
19513901 Zhao Q, Ren H, Li X, Chen Z, Zhang X, Gong W, Liu Y, Pang T, Han ZC: Differentiation of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stromal cells into low immunogenic hepatocyte-like cells. Cytotherapy. 2009;11(4):414-26.


RESULTS: After incubation with specific growth factors, including hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), UC MSC exhibited a high hepatic differentiation ability in an adherent culture condition.
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16501859 Okumoto K, Saito T, Haga H, Hattori E, Ishii R, Karasawa T, Suzuki A, Misawa K, Sanjo M, Ito JI, Sugahara K, Saito K, Togashi H, Kawata S: Characteristics of rat bone marrow cells differentiated into a liver cell lineage and dynamics of the transplanted cells in the injured liver. J Gastroenterol. 2006 Jan;41(1):62-9.

BMCs from transgenic rats expressing green fiuorescent protein were transplanted into the spleen of rat liver-injury models induced with 2-acetylaminofiuorene (2-AAF) or carbon tetrachloride (CCl4).
The hepatocyte growth factor and fibroblast growth factor mRNA levels in the liver were significantly higher in the CCl4-induced model than in the 2-AAF-induced model.
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17187438 Higashiyama R, Inagaki Y, Hong YY, Kushida M, Nakao S, Niioka M, Watanabe T, Okano H, Matsuzaki Y, Shiota G, Okazaki I: Bone marrow-derived cells express matrix metalloproteinases and contribute to regression of liver fibrosis in mice. Hepatology. 2007 Jan;45(1):213-22.

Experiments using transgenic mice overexpressing hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) indicated that G-CSF and HGF synergistically increased MMP-9 expression along the fibrous septa.
To reveal the contribution of bone marrow (BM)-derived cells to the spontaneous regression of liver fibrosis, mice were treated with repeated carbon tetrachloride injections after hematopoietic reconstitution with enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP)-expressing BM cells.
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19957847 Yan L, Cai H, Chen Y, Tan W: [Effect of hepatocyte-like cells induced by CD34+ cells in vitro on the repair of injured hepatic tissues of mice in vivo]. Zhongguo Xiu Fu Chong Jian Wai Ke Za Zhi. 2009 Oct;23(10):1235-40.

The cells were (1 x 10 (5) cells/mL) cultured in serum-free medium containing stem cell factor (SCF), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), EGF, oncostatin M (OSM), bFGF (the concentration were 50, 20, 20, 10, 10 ng/mL respectively) in vitro for 10 days.
Forty-eight 6-week-old female ICR mice were chosen to prepare liver injury model by injecting carbon tetrachloride and 2-acetylamionoflu-orene.
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19399744 Tsai PC, Fu TW, Chen YM, Ko TL, Chen TH, Shih YH, Hung SC, Fu YS: The therapeutic potential of human umbilical mesenchymal stem cells from Wharton's jelly in the treatment of rat liver fibrosis. Liver Transpl. 2009 May;15(5):484-95.

We investigated the effect of human umbilical mesenchymal stem cells (HUMSCs) from Wharton's jelly on carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced liver fibrosis in rats.
Moreover, rats in the CCl4 (8W)+HUMSC (liver) group had significantly lower levels of serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, glutamic pyruvate transaminase, alpha-smooth muscle actin, and transforming growth factor-beta1 in the liver, whereas the expression of hepatic mesenchymal epithelial transition factor-phosphorylated type (Met-P) and hepatocyte growth factor was up-regulated, in comparison with the CCl4 (8W) group.
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18506889 Takahara T, Xue F, Mazzone M, Yata Y, Nonome K, Kanayama M, Kawai K, Pisacane AM, Takahara S, Li XK, Comoglio PM, Sugiyama T, Michieli P: Metron factor-1 prevents liver injury without promoting tumor growth and metastasis. Hepatology. 2008 Jun;47(6):2010-25.


Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) is the most powerful hepatotrophic factor identified so far.
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18544128 Tutau F, Rodriguez-Ortigosa C, Puche JE, Juanarena N, Monreal I, Garcia Fernandez M, Clavijo E, Castilla A, Castilla-Cortazar I: Enhanced actions of insulin-like growth factor-I and interferon-alpha co-administration in experimental cirrhosis. Liver Int. 2009 Jan;29(1):37-46. Epub 2008 Jun 9.


METHODS: The mechanisms underlying the effects of these agents were studied by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, determining the expression of some factors [hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta), alpha-smooth muscle actin, collagen, tissular inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1 and pregnane X receptor (PXR)] involved in fibrogenesis, fibrolysis and/or hepatoprotection.
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19638569 Mendieta-Condado E, Pichardo-Olvera M, Sanchez-Sevilla L, Chagoya de Sanchez V, Hernandez-Munoz R: Adenosine administration accelerates progression of the cell cycle during rat liver regeneration induced by one-third hepatectomy. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2009 Oct;331(1):122-32. Epub 2009 Jul 28.

We have shown that adenosine administration is capable of reversing fibrosis in the carbon tetrachloride-induced rat cirrhotic liver, stimulating the diminished proliferative potential of the cirrhotic liver.
In addition, hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), epidermal growth factor, and transforming growth factor-alpha, cyclins, members of the E2F family, proto-oncogenes, and adenosine-receptors were determined through Western blot analyses.
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18381592 Park TJ, Jeong BR, Tateno C, Kim HS, Ogawa T, Lim IK, Yoshizato K: Pleiotrophin inhibits transforming growth factor beta1-induced apoptosis in hepatoma cell lines. Mol Carcinog. 2008 Oct;47(10):784-96.

Pleiotrophin (PTN) is a hepatocyte growth factor and considered to play roles in liver fibrogenesis and hepatocarcinogenesis.
First, we confirmed that hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) and Kupffer cells, and also later hepatocytes in hyperplastic nodules increased PTN mRNA expressions during carbon tetrachloride-induced liver fibrosis.
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15057751 Siller-Lopez F, Sandoval A, Salgado S, Salazar A, Bueno M, Garcia J, Vera J, Galvez J, Hernandez I, Ramos M, Aguilar-Cordova E, Armendariz-Borunda J: Treatment with human metalloproteinase-8 gene delivery ameliorates experimental rat liver cirrhosis. Gastroenterology. 2004 Apr;126(4):1122-33; discussion 949.


Transforming growth factor-beta messenger RNA was diminished, and matrix metalloprotease-9 and hepatocyte growth factor increased.
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20038333 Lan L, Chen YW, Sun C, Liu BW, Sun QL, Li DG: [Effect of interleukin 10 gene-modified bone marrow-derived liver stem cells transplantation on hepatic inflammatory response and liver regeneration in hepatic fibrosis rats]. Zhonghua Gan Zang Bing Za Zhi. 2009 Dec;17(12):915-20.

METHODS: 50 female Wistar rats were randomly divided into 4 groups: (1) control group: 10 rats were subcutaneously injected with olive oil for 8 weeks; (2) fibrosis groups: 16 rats were subcutaneously injected with carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) for 8 weeks to induce liver fibrosis; (3) BDLSC group: 12 rats were subcutaneously injected with CCl4 for 8 weeks, and were transplanted with 2 x 10 (5) BDLSC at week 4; (4) BDLSC/IL-10 group: 12 rats were subcutaneously injected with CCl4 for 8 weeks, and were transplanted with 2 x 10 (5) IL-10 gene-modified BDLSC at week 4.
The expression of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) was quantified by real-time RT-PCR, and the expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) was determined by immunohistochemistry.
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15261760 Taniguchi M, Takeuchi T, Nakatsuka R, Watanabe T, Sato K: Molecular process in acute liver injury and regeneration induced by carbon tetrachloride. Life Sci. 2004 Aug 13;75(13):1539-49.

On the other hand, hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) were induced in the early stage (6 h) and 36 h, respectively.
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17009398 Salazar-Montes A, Ruiz-Corro L, Sandoval-Rodriguez A, Lopez-Reyes A, Armendariz-Borunda J: Increased DNA binding activity of NF-kappaB, STAT-3, SMAD3 and AP-1 in acutely damaged liver. World J Gastroenterol. 2006 Oct 7;12(37):5995-6001.


METHODS: USING gel-shift assay and RT-PCR, transcription factors, such as NF-kappaB, STAT-3, SMAD3 and AP-1, and gene expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and c-met were analyzed in an animal model of chemically induced hepatectomy.
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16469408 Oyagi S, Hirose M, Kojima M, Okuyama M, Kawase M, Nakamura T, Ohgushi H, Yagi K: Therapeutic effect of transplanting HGF-treated bone marrow mesenchymal cells into CCl4-injured rats. J Hepatol. 2006 Apr;44(4):742-8. Epub 2005 Dec 9.


METHODS: Rat bone marrow cells were cultivated for 2 weeks in the presence or absence of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), labeled with a fluorescent marker, and transplanted by injection into CCl (4)-injured rats.
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20227401 Ou Y, Zheng S, Lin L, Jiang Q, Yang X: Protective effect of C-phycocyanin against carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatocyte damage in vitro and in vivo. Chem Biol Interact. 2010 Mar 19.

C-PC also showed the following effects in mice liver: prevent the CCl (4)-induced MDA formation and GSH depletion; prevent SOD and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity; and prevent the elevation of transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1) and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) mRNAs.
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17097021 Zhang ZT, Jiang P, Wang Y, Li JS, Xue JG, Zhou YZ, Yuan Z: Effects of hepatotrophic factors on the liver after portacaval shunt in rats with portal hypertension. Chin Med J. 2006 Oct 20;119(20):1727-33.

METHODS: Intrahepatic portal hypertension (IHPH) was induced by intragastric administration of carbon tetrachloride, and end-to-side PCS was performed.
Another 32 rats with IHPH-PCS were randomly subdivided into 4 groups: normal saline (NS) given to 8 rats, hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) 8, insulin (INS) 8, hepatocyte growth factor and insulin (HGF + INS) 8.
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17166617 Abe W, Ikejima K, Lang T, Okumura K, Enomoto N, Kitamura T, Takei Y, Sato N: Low molecular weight heparin prevents hepatic fibrogenesis caused by carbon tetrachloride in the rat. J Hepatol. 2007 Feb;46(2):286-94. Epub 2006 Oct 25.

Interestingly, serum hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) levels 12h after injection of CCl4 were almost doubled when dalteparin was given simultaneously.
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16097045 Shi MN, Zheng WD, Zhang LJ, Chen ZX, Wang XZ: Effect of IL-10 on the expression of HSC growth factors in hepatic fibrosis rat. World J Gastroenterol. 2005 Aug 21;11(31):4788-93.


AIM: To study the effect of IL-10 on the expression of growth factors--transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1), epidermal growth factor (EGF), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) of hepatic fibrosis rat and the anti-fibrogenic role of exogenous IL-10.
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20015528 Hackl C, Mori A, Moser C, Lang SA, Dayoub R, Weiss TS, Schlitt HJ, Geissler EK, Hellerbrand C, Stoeltzing O: Effect of heat-shock protein-90 (HSP90) inhibition on human hepatocytes and on liver regeneration in experimental models. Surgery. 2009 Dec 14.

METHODS: Effects of HSP90 inhibition on the activation of signaling intermediates, expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) were investigated in primary human hepatocytes (PHHs) in vitro.
Effects of HSP90 inhibition on liver regeneration and repair were determined in a murine hepatectomy model and in a model with acute carbon tetrachloride (CCl (4))-induced liver damage.
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17976157 Hagiwara S, Otsuka T, Yamazaki Y, Kosone T, Sohara N, Ichikawa T, Sato K, Kakizaki S, Takagi H, Mori M: Overexpression of NK2 promotes liver fibrosis in carbon tetrachloride-induced chronic liver injury. Liver Int. 2008 Jan;28(1):126-31. Epub 2007 Nov 1.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) inhibits liver fibrosis induced by carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) in animal models.
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16049339 Sharma AD, Cantz T, Richter R, Eckert K, Henschler R, Wilkens L, Jochheim-Richter A, Arseniev L, Ott M: Human cord blood stem cells generate human cytokeratin 18-negative hepatocyte-like cells in injured mouse liver. Am J Pathol. 2005 Aug;167(2):555-64.

Liver regeneration was induced by carbon tetrachloride injury with and without subsequent hepatocyte growth factor treatment.
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18182385 Harashima M, Harada K, Ito Y, Hyuga M, Seki T, Ariga T, Yamaguchi T, Niimi S: Annexin A3 expression increases in hepatocytes and is regulated by hepatocyte growth factor in rat liver regeneration. J Biochem. 2008 Apr;143(4):537-45. Epub 2008 Jan 7.

AnxA3 protein and mRNA level both increase in liver after administration of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) or 70% partial hepatectomy.
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15070743 Huh CG, Factor VM, Sanchez A, Uchida K, Conner EA, Thorgeirsson SS: Hepatocyte growth factor/c-met signaling pathway is required for efficient liver regeneration and repair. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004 Mar 30;101(13):4477-82.

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15287857 Cramer T, Schuppan D, Bauer M, Pfander D, Neuhaus P, Herbst H: Hepatocyte growth factor and c-Met expression in rat and human liver fibrosis. Liver Int. 2004 Aug;24(4):335-44.

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17714472 Asano Y, Iimuro Y, Son G, Hirano T, Fujimoto J: Hepatocyte growth factor promotes remodeling of murine liver fibrosis, accelerating recruitment of bone marrow-derived cells into the liver. Hepatol Res. 2007 Dec;37(12):1080-94. Epub 2007 Aug 20.

Methods: C57BL/6 J mice were treated with carbon tetrachloride (CCl (4)) for 10 weeks.
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19286661 Shanmukhappa K, Matte U, Degen JL, Bezerra JA: Plasmin-mediated proteolysis is required for hepatocyte growth factor activation during liver repair. J Biol Chem. 2009 May 8;284(19):12917-23. Epub 2009 Mar 13.

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19669282 Suzumura K, Hirano T, Son G, Iimuro Y, Mizukami H, Ozawa K, Fujimoto J: Adeno-associated virus vector-mediated production of hepatocyte growth factor attenuates liver fibrosis in mice. Hepatol Int. 2008 Mar;2(1):80-8. Epub 2007 Dec 22.

METHODS: A model of hepatic fibrosis was established by carbon tetrachloride (CCl (4)) administration in Balb/c mice.
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15383179 Phaneuf D, Moscioni AD, LeClair C, Raper SE, Wilson JM: Generation of a mouse expressing a conditional knockout of the hepatocyte growth factor gene: demonstration of impaired liver regeneration. DNA Cell Biol. 2004 Sep;23(9):592-603.

To induce liver regeneration, mice were injected with the hepatotoxin carbon tetrachloride.
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15334679 He Y, Zhou J, Dou KF, Chen Y, Yan QG, Li HM: Autocrine expression of hepatocyte growth factor and its cytoprotective effect on hepatocyte poisoning. World J Gastroenterol. 2004 Oct 1;10(19):2827-30.

Acute liver cell damage was induced by carbon tetrachloride.
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18395096 Inagaki Y, Higashi K, Kushida M, Hong YY, Nakao S, Higashiyama R, Moro T, Itoh J, Mikami T, Kimura T, Shiota G, Kuwabara I, Okazaki I: Hepatocyte growth factor suppresses profibrogenic signal transduction via nuclear export of Smad3 with galectin-7. Gastroenterology. 2008 Apr;134(4):1180-90. Epub 2008 Jan 11.

RESULTS: Over expression of HGF inhibited COL1A2 transcription in cultured HSC and suppressed activation of COL1A2 promoter in liver tissue induced by carbon tetrachloride administration.
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17631135 Nakamura T, Torimura T, Sakamoto M, Hashimoto O, Taniguchi E, Inoue K, Sakata R, Kumashiro R, Murohara T, Ueno T, Sata M: Significance and therapeutic potential of endothelial progenitor cell transplantation in a cirrhotic liver rat model. Gastroenterology. 2007 Jul;133(1):91-107.e1. Epub 2007 Apr 11.

Expression of hepatocyte growth factor, transforming growth factor-alpha, epidermal growth factor, and vascular endothelial growth factor was increased in multiple EPC-transplantation livers, while hepatocyte proliferation increased.
METHODS: Recipient rats were injected intraperitoneally with carbon tetrachloride (CCl (4)) twice weekly for 6 weeks before initial administration of EPCs.
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16472604 Taniguchi E, Kin M, Torimura T, Nakamura T, Kumemura H, Hanada S, Hisamoto T, Yoshida T, Kawaguchi T, Baba S, Maeyama M, Koga H, Harada M, Kumashiro R, Ueno T, Mizuno S, Ikeda H, Imaizumi T, Murohara T, Sata M: Endothelial progenitor cell transplantation improves the survival following liver injury in mice. Gastroenterology. 2006 Feb;130(2):521-31.

Human endothelial progenitor cells produced several growth factors, such as hepatocyte growth factor, transforming growth factor-alpha, heparin-binding epidermal growth factor-like growth factor, and vascular endothelial growth factor, and also elicited endogenous growth factors.
METHODS: To determine how endothelial progenitor cells participate in liver regeneration, human or mouse endothelial progenitor cells were transplanted into the mice with carbon tetrachloride-induced acute liver injury.
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17468546 Gagliano N, Grizzi F, Annoni G: Mechanisms of aging and liver functions. . Dig Dis. 2007;25(2):118-23.


Albumin, c-fos, c-myc, hepatocyte growth factor, transforming growth factor-alpha and HSP70 mRNA levels decreased 24 h after CCl (4 ) starting at age 12 months.
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18652820 Salazar-Montes A, Ruiz-Corro L, Lopez-Reyes A, Castrejon-Gomez E, Armendariz-Borunda J: Potent antioxidant role of pirfenidone in experimental cirrhosis. . Eur J Pharmacol. 2008 Oct 24;595(1-3):69-77. Epub 2008 Jul 9.

Cirrhosis was induced in rats by ligation of the common bile duct or carbon tetrachloride (CCl (4)) chronic intoxication and treated with pirfenidone or diphenyleneiodonium (a potent known antioxidant) for the last two weeks for bile duct ligation model or for the last three weeks for CCl (4) chronic intoxication.
With respect to gene expression, fibrotic genes like transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) and collagen Ialpha (Col-1alpha) were down-regulated by pirfenidone and increased expression of regenerative genes like hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and c-met .
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16381645 Wang LS, Duan HF, Hu JW, Zhang QW, Wang H, Lu ZZ, Wu ZZ, Wang LS: [Treatment of CCl4 induced chronic liver injury with bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells overexpressing hepatocyte growth factor] Zhonghua Gan Zang Bing Za Zhi. 2005 Dec;13(12):934-6.

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16810750 Tang XP, Zhang M, Yang X, Chen LM, Zeng Y: Differentiation of human umbilical cord blood stem cells into hepatocytes in vivo and in vitro. World J Gastroenterol. 2006 Jul 7;12(25):4014-9.

Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and the supernatant of fetal liver were added in the inducing groups.
In the animal experiments, the survival SD rats with acute hepatic injury after carbon tetrachloride (CCL4) injection 48 h were randomly divided into three groups.
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