Protein Information

Name brains
Synonyms BPG dependent PGAM 1; Brain; CDABP0006; PGAM 1; PGAM B; PGAM1; PGAM1 protein; PGAMA…

Compound Information

Name nicotine
CAS

Reference List

PubMed Abstract RScore(About this table)
19328191 Wilson WL, Munn C, Ross RC, Harding JW, Wright JW: The role of the AT4 and cholinergic systems in the Nucleus Basalis Magnocellularis (NBM): effects on spatial memory. Brain Res. 2009 May 26;1272:25-31. Epub 2009 Mar 25.

Nicotine treatment reversed these impairments whereas carbachol did not.
For example, one of the best known cognitive disorders, Alzheimer's disease (AD), is treated with cholinergic-directed drugs, and post-mortem studies of AD patient brains show neurodegenerative devastation in cholinergic areas of the brain.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
19596018 Winrow CJ, Tanis KQ, Reiss DR, Rigby AM, Uslaner JM, Uebele VN, Doran SM, Fox SV, Garson SL, Gotter AL, Levine DM, Roecker AJ, Coleman PJ, Koblan KS, Renger JJ: Orexin receptor antagonism prevents transcriptional and behavioral plasticity resulting from stimulant exposure. Neuropharmacology. 2010 Jan;58(1):185-94. Epub 2009 Jul 14.

Transcriptional profiling of isolated reward and arousal circuits from brains of behaviorally sensitized animals showed that the DORA blocked the significant alteration of gene expression levels in response to amphetamine exposure, particularly those associated with synaptic plasticity in the VTA.
Further, DORA attenuates the ability of nicotine to induce reinstatement of extinguished responding for a reinforcer, demonstrating selectivity of the effect to reward pathways and not to food intake.
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19433117 Canis M, Mack B, Gires O, Maurer MH, Kuschinsky W, Duembgen L, Duelli R: Increased densities of monocarboxylate transport protein MCT1 after chronic administration of nicotine in rat brain. Neurosci Res. 2009 Aug;64(4):429-35. Epub 2009 May 9.

Nicotine was given subcutaneously for 1 week by osmotic mini-pumps and local densities of MCT1 were measured by immunoautoradiographic methods in cryosections of rat brains.
81(1,1,1,1) Details
19167478 Werling LL, Reed SC, Wade D, Izenwasser S: Chronic nicotine alters cannabinoid-mediated locomotor activity and receptor density in periadolescent but not adult male rats. Int J Dev Neurosci. 2009 May;27(3):263-9. Epub 2009 Jan 10.

To better understand the effects of nicotine on adolescent and adult rats, rats were injected with nicotine or saline for 7 days and, on day 8, either challenged with delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Delta 9-THC) or the cannabinoid agonist CP 55,940 and tested for locomotor activity, or the brains were removed for quantitative autoradiography studies of the cannabinoid (1) receptor.
81(1,1,1,1) Details
19540050 Chapman MA: Does smoking reduce the risk of Parkinson's disease through stimulation of the ubiquitin-proteasome system?. Med Hypotheses. 2009 Dec;73(6):887-91. Epub 2009 Jun 18.

This hypothesis is supported by evidence documenting the upregulation of nicotinic receptors in the brains of smokers, neuroprotective effects of nicotine, reduced activity of the ubiquitin-proteasome in Parkinson's disease, and increased activity of the ubiquitin-proteasome system in animals exposed to chronic nicotine.
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20196919 Cao J, Dwyer JB, Mangold JE, Wang J, Wei J, Leslie FM, Li MD: Modulation of cell adhesion systems by prenatal nicotine exposure in limbic brain regions of adolescent female rats. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2010 Mar 3:1-18.

Given that cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) modulate various neurotransmitter systems and are associated with many psychiatric disorders, we hypothesize that CAMs are altered by prenatal treatment of nicotine, the major psychoactive component in tobacco, in adolescent brains.
31(0,1,1,1) Details
19111588 Mousavi M, Hellstrom-Lindahl E: Nicotinic receptor agonists and antagonists increase sAPPalpha secretion and decrease Abeta levels in vitro. Neurochem Int. 2009 Mar-Apr;54(3-4):237-44. Epub 2008 Dec 7.

We have earlier reported that Abeta were significantly reduced in brains of smoking Alzheimer patients and control subjects compared with non-smokers, as well as in nicotine treated APPsw transgenic mice.
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19733737 Kallonen SE, Tammimaki A, Piepponen P, Raattamaa H, Ketola RA, Kostiainen R: Discovery of neurosteroid glucuronides in mouse brain. . Anal Chim Acta. 2009 Sep 28;651(1):69-74. Epub 2009 Jul 29.

The intact glucuronides were extracted from the cortex, hippocampus, hypothalamus, and mid-brain tissues of nicotine- and water-treated mice, and detected with capillary liquid chromatography-electrospray-tandem mass spectrometry (CapLC-ESI-MS/MS).
In vitro experiments, carried out by using S9 fractions from mouse and rat brains, showed a formation of glucuronides with selected test compounds (corticosterone, pregnenolone, and dehydroepiandrosterone), suggesting that biosynthesis of neurosteroid glucuronides is possible in rodent brain.
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19410565 Son JH, Winzer-Serhan UH: Chronic neonatal nicotine exposure increases mRNA expression of neurotrophic factors in the postnatal rat hippocampus. Brain Res. 2009 Jun 30;1278:1-14. Epub 2009 May 3.

Brains were processed for in situ hybridization using specific (35) S-labeled cRNA probes.
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20336623 Bergstrom HC, Smith RF, Mollinedo NS, McDonald CG: Chronic nicotine exposure produces lateralized, age-dependent dendritic remodeling in the rodent basolateral amygdala. Synapse. 2010 Mar 23.

Twenty days following the end of dosing brains were processed for Golgi-Cox staining and dendrites from principal neurons in the BLA and pyramidal neurons in the IL were digitally reconstructed in three-dimensions.
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20081236 Czubak A, Nowakowska E, Kus K, Burda K, Metelska J, Baer-Dubowska W, Cichocki M: Influences of chronic venlafaxine, olanzapine and nicotine on the hippocampal and cortical concentrations of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Pharmacol Rep. 2009 Nov-Dec;61(6):1017-23.

BDNF also initiates plastic changes and modulation of synaptic activity in rat brains.
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19830843 Nai Q, Wang X, Jin Y, Sun D, Li M, Hu B, Zhang X: Ciliary neurotrophic factor enhances nicotinic synaptic transmission in sympathetic neurons. J Neurosci Res. 2010 Mar;88(4):887-95.


A disruption in nicotinic receptor-mediated synaptic transmission due to the loss of nAChRs was detected in the brains of patients with Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease.
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