Protein Information

Name superoxide dismutase
Synonyms IPO B; Indophenoloxidase B; MNSOD; Manganese superoxide dismutase; Manganese containing superoxide dismutase; Mangano superoxide dismutase; Mn superoxide dismutase; Mn SOD…

Compound Information

Name lindane
CAS (1α,2α,3β,4α,5α,6β)-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexachlorocyclohexane

Reference List

PubMed Abstract RScore(About this table)
8882386 Descampiaux B, Leroux JM, Peucelle C, Erb F: Assay of free-radical toxicity and antioxidant effect on the Hep 3B cell line: a test survey using lindane. Cell Biol Toxicol. 1996 Feb;12(1):19-28.

When Hep 3B cells were exposed to lindane, a known inducer of free-radical production, superoxide dismutase activity appeared as the best-adapted cellular parameter for early detection of the resulting free-radical toxicity.
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17997001 Saradha B, Vaithinathan S, Mathur PP: Lindane alters the levels of HSP70 and clusterin in adult rat testis. . Toxicology. 2008 Jan 14;243(1-2):116-23. Epub 2007 Oct 2.

Administration of lindane resulted in a sequential reduction in the activities of catalase and superoxide dismutase (SOD) with concomitant increase in the levels of lipid peroxidation.
81(1,1,1,1) Details
9733020 Simon Giavarotti KA, Rodrigues L, Rodrigues T, Junqueira VB, Videla LA: Liver microsomal parameters related to oxidative stress and antioxidant systems in hyperthyroid rats subjected to acute lindane treatment. Free Radic Res. 1998 Jul;29(1):35-42.

Liver microsomal functions related to xenobiotic biotransformation and free radical production were studied in control rats and in animals subjected to L-3,3',5-triiodothyronine (T3) and/or lindane administration as possible mechanisms contributing to oxidative stress, in relation to the activity of enzymes (superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6PDH)) and content of lipid-soluble vitamins (alpha-tocopherol, beta-carotene, and lycopene) affording antioxidant protection.
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7512143 Junqueira VB, Bainy AC, Arisi AC, Azzalis LA, Simizu K, Pimentel R, Barros SB, Videla LA: Acute lindane intoxication: a study on lindane tissue concentration and oxidative stress-related parameters in liver and erythrocytes. J Biochem Toxicol. 1994 Feb;9(1):9-15.

Concomitantly, liver glutathione content and the activity of glutathione peroxidase-glutathione reductase couple were augmented by lindane treatment, without any change in superoxide dismutase activity, together with a reduction in that of catalase.
31(0,1,1,1) Details
12516873 Simon-Giavarotti KA, Giavarotti L, Gomes LF, Lima AF, Veridiano AM, Garcia EA, Mora OA, Fernandez V, Videla LA, Junqueira VB: Enhancement of lindane-induced liver oxidative stress and hepatotoxicity by thyroid hormone is reduced by gadolinium chloride. Free Radic Res. 2002 Oct;36(10):1033-9.

Hyperthyroid animals treated with lindane exhibit enhanced liver microsomal superoxide radical (O2.-) production and NADPH cytochrome c reductase activity, with lower levels of cytochrome P450, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase activity, and glutathione (GSH) content over control values.
31(0,1,1,1) Details
9057899 Junqueira VB, Koch OR, Arisi AC, Fuzaro AP, Azzalis LA, Barros SB, Cravero A, Farre S, Videla LA: Regression of morphological alterations and oxidative stress-related parameters after acute lindane-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Toxicology. 1997 Feb 28;117(2-3):199-205.

One day after lindane treatment, a significant enhancement in the oxidative stress status of the liver was observed, characterized by an increase in thiobarbituric acid reactants production and in the microsomal generation of superoxide radical (O.-2) coupled to cytochrome P450 induction, and a decrement in the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase.
31(0,1,1,1) Details
15716478 Loch-Caruso R, Upham BL, Harris C, Trosko JE: Divergent roles for glutathione in lindane-induced acute and delayed-onset inhibition of rat myometrial gap junctions. Toxicol Sci. 2005 May;85(1):694-702. Epub 2005 Feb 16.

Exposure to 100 or 200 microM lindane rapidly (within 1 min) increased myometrial cell generation of superoxide, as measured by superoxide dismutase-inhibitable cytochrome c reduction, and superoxide production remained elevated for up to 60 min of exposure.
31(0,1,1,1) Details
17884035 Oberoi S, Ahmed RS, Suke SG, Bhattacharya SN, Chakraborti A, Banerjee BD: Comparative effect of topical application of lindane and permethrin on oxidative stress parameters in adult scabies patients. Clin Biochem. 2007 Nov;40(16-17):1321-4. Epub 2007 Aug 10.

RESULTS: Serum malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, erythrocyte superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activity were significantly increased while blood glutathione (GSH) levels were significantly decreased in the lindane group as compared to controls and the permethrin group.
6(0,0,1,1) Details
11561191 Chitra KC, Sujatha R, Latchoumycandane C, Mathur PP: Effect of lindane on antioxidant enzymes in epididymis and epididymal sperm of adult rats. Asian J Androl. 2001 Sep;3(3):205-8.

Significant decreases in the superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, glutathione reductase and glutathione peroxidase activities and significant increases in the H2O2 generation and lipid peroxidation were also observed in the epididymis and epididymal sperm of lindane-treated rats.
6(0,0,1,1) Details
19880658 Radosavljevic T, Mladenovic D, Jakovljevic V, Vucvic D, Rasc-Markovic A, Hrncic D, Djuric D, Stanojlovic O: Oxidative stress in liver and red blood cells in acute lindane toxicity in rats. Hum Exp Toxicol. 2009 Dec;28(12):747-57. Epub .

The aim of our study was to determine the role and dynamics of oxidative and nitrosative stress, as well as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase activity in the hepatocytes and erythrocytes in early phase of acute lindane intoxication.
6(0,0,1,1) Details
1699849 Videla LA, Barros SB, Junqueira VB: Lindane-induced liver oxidative stress. Free Radic Biol Med. 1990;9(2):169-79.

Concomitantly, lindane intoxication induces a derangement of some antioxidant mechanisms of the liver cell, including decreased superoxide dismutase and catalase activities and alterations in reduced glutathione content leading to depressed GSH/GSSG ratios.
6(0,0,1,1) Details
1376914 Yang FL, DiSilvestro RA: Lindane induced rat liver lipid peroxidation without depressed Cu-Zn superoxide dismutase activities. Pharmacol Toxicol. 1992 May;70(5 Pt 1):392-3.
6(0,0,1,1) Details
10097797 Samanta L, Roy A, Chainy GB: Changes in rat testicular antioxidant defence profile as a function of age and its impairment by hexachlorocyclohexane during critical stages of maturation. Andrologia. 1999 Mar;31(2):83-90.


A biphasic pattern was evident for lipid peroxidation and for the activity ratio of superoxide dismutase to catalase and glutathione peroxidase with increasing age.
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11827286 Sinha S: Oxidative stress induced by HCH in Hydrilla verticillata (l.f.) Royle: modulation in uptake and toxicity due to Fe. Chemosphere. 2002 Jan;46(2):281-8.


The effect of HCH was also studied on glutathione (reduced and oxidised) content and superoxide dismutase activity.
2(0,0,0,2) Details
11349524 Trivedi NP, Rawal UM: Hepatoprotective and antioxidant property of Andrographis paniculata (Nees) in BHC induced liver damage in mice. Indian J Exp Biol. 2001 Jan;39(1):41-6.


The activities of antioxidant enzymes like superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase and the levels of glutathione were decreased following BHC effect.
2(0,0,0,2) Details
9467884 Samanta L, Chainy GB: Comparison of hexachlorocyclohexane-induced oxidative stress in the testis of immature and adult rats. Comp Biochem Physiol C Pharmacol Toxicol Endocrinol. 1997 Nov;118(3):319-27.


Activities of testicular cytosolic superoxide dismutases (total and CN (-)-resistant) of rats of 15- and 90-day-old age groups decreased significantly after 6 hr of HCH treatment, and remained decreased till 24 hr of the pesticide treatment.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
18940228 Anilakumar KR, Saritha V, Khanum F, Bawa AS: Ameliorative effect of ajwain extract on hexachlorocyclohexane-induced lipid peroxidation in rat liver. Food Chem Toxicol. 2009 Feb;47(2):279-82. Epub 2008 Oct 4.


Results revealed that HCH administration lead to an increase in hepatic lipid peroxidation associated with reduction in, levels of glutathione (GSH), activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
16834997 Rocher B, Le Goff J, Peluhet L, Briand M, Manduzio H, Gallois J, Devier MH, Geffard O, Gricourt L, Augagneur S, Budzinski H, Pottier D, Andre V, Lebailly P, Cachot J: Genotoxicant accumulation and cellular defence activation in bivalves chronically exposed to waterborne contaminants from the Seine River. Aquat Toxicol. 2006 Aug 12;79(1):65-77. Epub 2006 Jun 2.

The study focused on polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), lindane, polychlorobiphenyls (PCB) and metals known to be potential genotoxicants and/or reactive oxygen species (ROS) inducers.
Enzymatic activities related to cellular defence systems including the phase II enzyme glutathione S-transferase (GST) and three antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) were measured in gills.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
7538972 Samanta L, Chainy GB: Hexachlorocyclohexane-induced changes in lipid peroxidation, superoxide dismutase and catalase activities and glutathione content in chick liver. Indian J Exp Biol. 1995 Feb;33(2):131-3.

1(0,0,0,1) Details
10350190 Samanta L, Sahoo A, Chainy GB: Age-related changes in rat testicular oxidative stress parameters by hexachlorocyclohexane. Arch Toxicol. 1999 Mar;73(2):96-107.


In both age-groups of rats, the pesticide elicited a significant decrease in the activities of cytosolic superoxide dismutase (SOD; total and CN (-)-resistant) and catalase, and ascorbic acid content together with an increase in the levels of LPX (both in crude homogenate and subcellular fractions) and H2O2.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
9717451 Koner BC, Banerjee BD, Ray A: Organochlorine pesticide-induced oxidative stress and immune suppression in rats. Indian J Exp Biol. 1998 Apr;36(4):395-8.

Effects of subchronic DDT and lindane exposure were evaluated on lipid peroxidation, antioxidant mechanisms and humoral immune response in rats.
Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in red blood cells (RBC) was also dose dependently increased by these compounds.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
16838206 Wang F, Xu ZR, Sun JH: Effect of HCH contamination of diet on the growth performance and immune and antioxidant ability in growing/finishing pigs. Vet Res Commun. 2006 Aug;30(6):645-54.


Addition of HCH to feedstuff reduced superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione S-transferase (GST), glutathione reductase (GR) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities in liver, reduced serum catalase (CAT) activity, and increased serum malondialehyde (MDA).
1(0,0,0,1) Details
16046044 Srivastava A, Shivanandappa T: Hexachlorocyclohexane differentially alters the antioxidant status of the brain regions in rat. Toxicology. 2005 Oct 15;214(1-2):123-30.


Activities of glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, glutathione-S-transferase and catalase were markedly induced whereas superoxide dismutase was inhibited at higher dose in all the brain regions.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
20182699 Sharma P, Singh R: Protective Role of Curcumin on Lindane Induced Reproductive Toxicity in Male Wistar Rats. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol. 2010 Feb 25.

0(0,0,0,0) Details
9704597 Sahoo A, Chainy GB: Acute hexachlorocyclohexane-induced oxidative stress in rat cerebral hemisphere. Neurochem Res. 1998 Aug;23(8):1079-84.


The pesticide elicited decrease in the activities of cytosolic total, CN (-)-sensitive (not at 24 h) and CN-resistant superoxide dismutases; total, Se-dependent and Se-independent glutathione peroxidases; and catalase throughout the measurement period.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
19693653 Mladenovic D, Djuric D, Petronijevic N, Radosavljevic T, Radonjic N, Matic D, Hrncic D, Rasic-Markovic A, Vucevic D, Dekanski D, Stanojlovic O: The correlation between lipid peroxidation in different brain regions and the severity of lindane-induced seizures in rats. Mol Cell Biochem. 2010 Jan;333(1-2):243-50. Epub 2009 Aug 20.

Animals were sacrificed 0.5 or 4 h after treatment and the malondialdehyde level and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity were determined in various brain regions spectrophotometrically.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
10414779 Banerjee BD, Seth V, Bhattacharya A, Pasha ST, Chakraborty AK: Biochemical effects of some pesticides on lipid peroxidation and free-radical scavengers. Toxicol Lett. 1999 Jun 30;107(1-3):33-47.

Oxidative stress was studied in blood samples obtained from lindane, malathion and propoxur poisoning cases admitted to the Guru Teg Bahadur Hospital, Delhi and evaluated for lipid peroxidation, oxygen free radical (OFR) scavenging enzymes, and glutathione (GSH) and related enzymes.
The level of thiobarbituric acid reacting substances and activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione-S-transferase and GGT were increased and GSH level was decreased in pesticide poisoning.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
12364975 Samanta L, Chainy GB: Response of testicular antioxidant enzymes to hexachlorocyclohexane is species specific. Asian J Androl. 2002 Sep;4(3):191-4.


Similarly, the decreased activity of superoxide dismutase observed in rats remained unaltered in mice.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
17761640 Trivedi NP, Rawal UM, Patel BP: Hepatoprotective effect of andrographolide against hexachlorocyclohexane-induced oxidative injury. Integr Cancer Ther. 2007 Sep;6(3):271-80.


Glutathione (GSH), glutathione-s-transferase (GST), glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (gamma-GTP), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and lipid peroxidation (LPO) are studied by spectrophotometric methods.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
11404799 Sujatha R, Chitra KC, Latchoumycandane C, Mathur PP: Effect of lindane on testicular antioxidant system and steroidogenic enzymes in adult rats. Asian J Androl. 2001 Jun;3(2):135-8.

There was a significant decline in the activities of antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase and glutathione reductase while an increase in hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) generation was observed.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
1708174 Barros SB, Simizu K, Junqueira VB: Liver lipid peroxidation-related parameters after short-term administration of hexachlorocyclohexane isomers to rats. Toxicol Lett. 1991 Apr;56(1-2):137-44.


In these animals superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was also increased.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
17123163 Anilakumar KR, Khanum F, Santhanam K: Amelioration of hexachlorocyclohexane-induced oxidative stress by amaranth leaves in rats. Plant Foods Hum Nutr. 2006 Dec;61(4):169-73.


Amaranth leaves at 10 and 20% levels of feeding reduced the hepatic superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
10817630 Videla LA, Arisi AC, Fuzaro AP, Koch OR, Junqueira VB: Prolonged phenobarbital pretreatment abolishes the early oxidative stress component induced in the liver by acute lindane intoxication. Toxicol Lett. 2000 Apr 10;115(1):45-51.

These changes were observed in the absence of changes in either microsomal functions (cytochrome P450 content, NADPH-dependent superoxide radical production, and NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase or NADPH oxidase activities) or in oxidative stress-related enzymatic activities (superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, and glutathione-S-transferases), over control values.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
7694811 Leibold E, Schwarz LR: Inhibition of intercellular communication in rat hepatocytes by phenobarbital, 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis (p-chlorophenyl) ethane (DDT) and gamma-hexachlorocyclohexane (lindane): modification by antioxidants and inhibitors of cyclo-oxygenase. Carcinogenesis. 1993 Nov;14(11):2377-82.

This is suggested by the differential effects of superoxide dismutase and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents on the action of the three tumour promoting chemicals.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
8311510 Lemaire P, Matthews A, Forlin L, Livingstone DR: Stimulation of oxyradical production of hepatic microsomes of flounder (Platichthys flesus) and perch (Perca fluviatilis) by model and pollutant xenobiotics. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol. 1994 Feb;26(2):191-200.

Stimulation of hepatic microsomal NAD (P) H-dependent hydroxyl radical (.OH) production by model compounds, viz. menadione (2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone) and nitrofurantoin (N-(5-nitro-2-furfurylidene)-1-aminohydantoin), and pollutant xenobiotics, viz. benzo [a] pyrene (BaP) diones (products of microsomal BaP metabolism), duroquinone (tetramethyl-1,4-benzoquinone--present in pulp mill effluent), and the pesticide lindane (gamma-hexachlorocyclohexane), was examined in flounder Platichthys flesus.
Inhibition of menadione- and nitrofurantoin-stimulated .OH production by superoxide dismutase (50% inhibition) and catalase (80%) indicated respectively the involvement of O2- and H2O2 in .OH production.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
14631868 Fernandez V, Massa L, Quinones L, Simon-Giavarotti KA, Giavarotti L, D'Almeida V, Azzalis LA, Junqueira VB, Videla LA: Effects of gamma-hexachlorocyclohexane and L-3,3',5-triiodothyronine on rat liver cytochrome P4502E1-dependent activity and content in relation to microsomal superoxide radical generation. Biol Res. 2003;36(3-4):359-65.


NADPH-dependent O2.- generation was elevated by HCCH and T3, expressed as either per mg of protein or per nmol of cytochrome P450, with a 135% enhancement in the O2.- production/superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity ratios being observed in both conditions.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
18389491 Ahmed RS, Suke SG, Seth V, Chakraborti A, Tripathi AK, Banerjee BD: Protective effects of dietary ginger (Zingiber officinales Rosc.) on lindane-induced oxidative stress in rats. Phytother Res. 2008 Jul;22(7):902-6.

Oxidative stress was monitored by estimating the extent of lipid peroxidation, activities of the oxygen free radical (OFR) scavenging enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) and the status of the glutathione redox cycle antioxidants.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
11159356 Krieger TR, Loch-Caruso R: Antioxidants prevent gamma-hexachlorocyclohexane-induced inhibition of rat myometrial gap junctions and contractions. Biol Reprod. 2001 Feb;64(2):537-47.

Lindane (gamma-hexachlorocyclohexane) is a commonly used pesticide that bioaccumulates in mammalian adipose tissue.
Lindane's initial and secondary-onset dye transfer inhibitions were reversed by cotreatment and pretreatment with the antioxidants, alpha-tocopherol (25-100 microM), diphenyl-1,4-phenylene diamine (10-30 microM), and superoxide dismutase (100-400 U/ml).
1(0,0,0,1) Details
11798014 Wang CT, Peters-Golden M, Loch-Caruso R: A calcium-independent phospholipase activity insensitive to bromoenol lactone mediates arachidonic acid release by lindane in rat myometrial cells. Life Sci. 2001 Dec 14;70(4):453-70.

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7521977 Arisi AC, Simizu K, Kogake M, Bainy AC, Silva MA, Barros SB, Boveris A, Videla LA, Junqueira VB: Brain and liver lipid peroxidation levels following acute and short-term lindane administration in the rat. Toxicol Lett. 1994 Oct;74(1):61-8.

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7522492 Bainy AC, Silva MA, Kogake M, Videla LA, Junqueira VB: Influence of lindane and paraquat on oxidative stress-related parameters of erythrocytes in vitro. Hum Exp Toxicol. 1994 Jul;13(7):461-5.

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16718366 Olgun S, Misra HP: Pesticides induced oxidative stress in thymocytes. Mol Cell Biochem. 2006 Oct;290(1-2):137-44. Epub 2006 May 23.


The role of oxidative stress in immune cell toxicity caused by the pesticides lindane, malathion and permethrin was investigated in thymic cells from C57BL/6 mice.
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