Protein Information

Name PPAR
Synonyms NR1C1; PPAR; PPAR alpha; PPARA; PPARalpha; Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor; Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha; hPPAR…

Compound Information

Name ACC
CAS 1-aminocyclopropanecarboxylic acid

Reference List

PubMed Abstract RScore(About this table)
20121109 Shen L, Ding M, Zhang L, Jin F, Zhang W, Li D: Expression of Acc-Royalisin gene from royal jelly of chinese honeybee in Escherichia coli and its antibacterial activity. J Agric Food Chem. 2010 Feb 24;58(4):2266-73.

Two gene fragments of Chinese honeybee (Apis cerana cerana) head, 280 bp cDNA encoding pre-pro-Acc-royalisin (PPAR) of 95 amino acid residues, and 165 bp cDNA encoding mature Acc-royalisin (MAR) of 51 amino acid residues were cloned into the pGEX-4T-2 vector.
8(0,0,1,3) Details
19588182 Morise A, Thomas C, Landrier JF, Besnard P, Hermier D: Hepatic lipid metabolism response to dietary fatty acids is differently modulated by PPARalpha in male and female mice. Eur J Nutr. 2009 Dec;48(8):465-73. Epub 2009 Jul 9.

4(0,0,0,4) Details
18025247 Waring JF, Yang Y, Healan-Greenberg CH, Adler AL, Dickinson R, McNally T, Wang X, Weitzberg M, Xu X, Lisowski A, Warder SE, Gu YG, Zinker BA, Blomme EA, Camp HS: Gene expression analysis in rats treated with experimental acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase inhibitors suggests interactions with the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha pathway. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2008 Feb;324(2):507-16. Epub 2007 Nov 19.

3(0,0,0,3) Details
17671740 Kohjima M, Enjoji M, Higuchi N, Kato M, Kotoh K, Yoshimoto T, Fujino T, Yada M, Yada R, Harada N, Takayanagi R, Nakamuta M: Re-evaluation of fatty acid metabolism-related gene expression in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Int J Mol Med. 2007 Sep;20(3):351-8.


The target genes for real-time PCR analysis were as follows: acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) 1, ACC2, fatty acid synthase (FAS), sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1c (SREBP-1c), and adipose differentiation-related protein (ADRP) for evaluation of de novo synthesis and uptake of fatty acids; carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1a; (CPT1a), long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (LCAD), long-chain L-3-hydroxyacylcoenzyme A dehydrogenase alpha (HADHalpha), uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2), straight-chain acyl-CoA oxidase (ACOX), branched-chain acyl-CoA oxidase (BOX), cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1), CYP4A11, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) alpha for oxidation in the mitochondria, peroxisomes and microsomes; superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, and glutathione synthetase (GSS) for antioxidant pathways; and diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase 1 (DGAT1), PPARgamma, and hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) for triglyceride synthesis and catalysis.
2(0,0,0,2) Details
20139613 Yuan HD, Yuan HY, Chung SH, Jin GZ, Piao GC: An active part of Artemisia sacrorum Ledeb. attenuates hepatic lipid accumulation through activating AMP-activated protein kinase in human HepG2 cells. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 2010 Feb 23;74(2):322-8. Epub 2010 Feb 7.


In contrast, the lipolytic gene expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPAR-alpha) and CD36 increased in a time- and dose-dependent manner.
2(0,0,0,2) Details
19182950 Kim do Y, Yuan HD, Chung IK, Chung SH: Compound K, intestinal metabolite of ginsenoside, attenuates hepatic lipid accumulation via AMPK activation in human hepatoma cells. J Agric Food Chem. 2009 Feb 25;57(4):1532-7.


In contrast, gene expressions of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPAR-alpha) and CD36 were increased.
2(0,0,0,2) Details
19954950 Kim HJ, Yuan J, Norris K, Vaziri ND: High-calorie diet partially ameliorates dysregulation of intrarenal lipid metabolism in remnant kidney. J Nutr Biochem. 2009 Nov 30.


The CRF group consuming a regular diet exhibited growth retardation; azotemia; proteinuria; glomerulosclerosis; tubulointerstitial injury; heavy lipid accumulation in the remnant kidney; up-regulation of lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1 (LOX-1), ATP-binding cassette transporter-1 (ABCA1), liver X receptor (LXR) alpha/beta, carbohydrate-responsive element binding protein (ChREBP) and acyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC); and down-regulation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha (PPAR-alpha), carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1 (CPT1) and liver-type fatty acid binding protein (L-FABP).
2(0,0,0,2) Details
19878707 Cho KH, Kim HJ, Kamanna VS, Vaziri ND: Niacin improves renal lipid metabolism and slows progression in chronic kidney disease. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2010 Jan;1800(1):6-15. Epub 2009 Oct 28.


RESULTS: CRF resulted in hypertension, proteinuria, renal tissue lipid accumulation, up-regulation of scavenger receptor A1 (SR-A1), acyl-CoA cholesterol acyltransferase-1 (ACAT1), carbohydrate-responsive element binding protein (ChREBP), fatty acid synthase (FAS), acyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), liver X receptor (LXR), ATP binding cassette (ABC) A-1, ABCG-1, and SR-B1 and down-regulation of sterol responsive element binding protein-1 (SREBP-1), SREBP-2, HMG-CoA reductase, PPAR-alpha, fatty acid binding protein (L-FABP), and CPT1A.
2(0,0,0,2) Details
18829285 Perez-Echarri N, Perez-Matute P, Marcos-Gomez B, Marti A, Martinez JA, Moreno-Aliaga MJ: Down-regulation in muscle and liver lipogenic genes: EPA ethyl ester treatment in lean and overweight (high-fat-fed) rats. J Nutr Biochem. 2009 Sep;20(9):705-14. Epub 2008 Sep 30.


Surprisingly and opposite to the expectations, a very significant decrease in the expression levels of liver PPARalpha (P <.01) was observed after EPA treatment.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
18723001 Naitoh R, Miyawaki K, Harada N, Mizunoya W, Toyoda K, Fushiki T, Yamada Y, Seino Y, Inagaki N: Inhibition of GIP signaling modulates adiponectin levels under high-fat diet in mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2008 Nov 7;376(1):21-5. Epub 2008 Aug 22.


In addition, the PPARalpha mRNA level was increased and the ACC mRNA level was decreased in skeletal muscle of HFD-fed Gipr (-/-) mice compared with those in HFD-fed WT mice.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
19932008 Kim EJ, Jin XJ, Kim YK, Oh IK, Kim JE, Park CH, Chung JH: UV decreases the synthesis of free fatty acids and triglycerides in the epidermis of human skin in vivo, contributing to development of skin photoaging. J Dermatol Sci. 2010 Jan;57(1):19-26. Epub 2009 Nov 20.


The expressions of genes related to lipid synthesis, including acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), fatty acid synthase (FAS), stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD), sterol regulatory element binding proteins (SREBPs), and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARgamma) were also markedly decreased.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
18657264 Saez ME, Grilo A, Moron FJ, Manzano L, Martinez-Larrad MT, Gonzalez-Perez A, Serrano-Hernando J, Ruiz A, Ramirez-Lorca R, Serrano-Rios M: Interaction between Calpain 5, Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma and Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-delta genes: a polygenic approach to obesity. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2008 Jul 25;7:23.


OBJECTIVE: To investigate the possibility of the existence of a crosstalk between the CALPAIN 10 homologue CALPAIN 5 and nuclear receptors of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors family.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
18070748 Moon HS, Chung CS, Lee HG, Kim TG, Choi YJ, Cho CS: Inhibitory effect of (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate on lipid accumulation of 3T3-L1 cells. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2007 Nov;15(11):2571-82.


During this period, EGCG greatly decreased expression of the adipocyte marker proteins peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma2 (PPARgamma2) and liver X receptor (LXR)-alpha.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
17391151 Clapham JC, Arch JR: Thermogenic and metabolic antiobesity drugs: rationale and opportunities. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2007 May;9(3):259-75.


Some thermogenic approaches are the activation of adrenergic, thyroid hormone or growth hormone receptors and the inhibition of glucocorticoid receptors; the modulation of transcription factors [e.g. peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta (PPARdelta) activators] or enzymes [e.g. glutamine fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase (GFAT) inhibitors] that promote mitochondrial biogenesis, and the modulation of transcription factors (PPAR alpha activators) or enzymes (AMP-activated protein kinase) that promote fatty acid oxidation.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
18434188 Zhang F, Sun C, Wu J, He C, Ge X, Huang W, Zou Y, Chen X, Qi W, Zhai Q: Combretastatin A-4 activates AMP-activated protein kinase and improves glucose metabolism in db/db mice. Pharmacol Res. 2008 Apr;57(4):318-23. Epub 2008 Mar 15.


Further investigation showed that CA-4 activates PPAR transcriptional activity in vitro with the luciferase reporter assay.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
18670617 Cantini G, Lombardi A, Piscitelli E, Poli G, Ceni E, Marchiani S, Ercolino T, Galli A, Serio M, Mannelli M, Luconi M: Rosiglitazone inhibits adrenocortical cancer cell proliferation by interfering with the IGF-IR intracellular signaling. PPAR Res. 2008;2008:904041. Epub 2008 Jul 28.


Rosiglitazone (RGZ), a thiazolidinedione ligand of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-gamma, has been recently described as possessing antitumoral properties.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
17704960 Tang X, Ma H, Zou S, Chen W: Effects of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) on hepatic lipid metabolism parameters and lipogenic gene mRNA expression in broiler chickens. Lipids. 2007 Nov;42(11):1025-33. Epub 2007 Aug 18.


The expression of peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor alpha (PPARalpha) and carnitine palmitoyl transferase I (CPTI) mRNA was decidedly enhanced following treatment with DHEA, and a similar tendency was also observed in the expression of acyl-Coenzyme A oxidase 1 (ACOX1).
1(0,0,0,1) Details
19694967 Schreurs M, Kuipers F, van der Leij FR: Regulatory enzymes of mitochondrial beta-oxidation as targets for treatment of the metabolic syndrome. Obes Rev. 2009 Aug 20.


Stimulation of CPT1 can be achieved by elimination or inhibition of ACC2 activity and through activating transcription factors like peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors and their protein partners.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
20057367 Anavi S, Ilan E, Tirosh O, Madar Z: Infusion of a Lipid Emulsion Modulates AMPK and Related Proteins in Rat Liver, Muscle, and Adipose Tissues. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2010 Jan 7.


Hepatic mRNA levels of ACCalpha, PPARalpha, AdipoR1, AdipoR2, and sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c (SREBP1c) were also reduced after LE infusion.
1(0,0,0,1) Details