Protein Information

Name DR3
Synonyms APO 3; TR3; APO3; Apo 3; Apoptosis inducing receptor; Apoptosis inducing receptor AIR; Apoptosis mediating receptor DR3; Apoptosis mediating receptor TRAMP…

Compound Information

Name IAA
CAS

Reference List

PubMed Abstract RScore(About this table)
9878086 Yamamoto AM, Deschamps I, Garchon HJ, Roussely H, Moreau N, Beaurain G, Robert JJ, Bach JF: Young age and HLA markers enhance the risk of progression to type 1 diabetes in antibody-positive siblings of diabetic children. J Autoimmun. 1998 Dec;11(6):643-50.


HLA-DR3/4 was significantly more frequent in siblings developing type 1 diabetes than in non-diabetic siblings (9/12 vs. 39/217, relative risk (RR)=14, P
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20140847 Kordonouri O, Hartmann R, Charpentier N, Knip M, Danne T, Ilonen J: Genetic Risk Markers Related to Diabetes-Associated Autoantibodies in Young Patients with Type 1 Diabetes in Berlin, Germany. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes. 2010 Feb 5.


METHODS: Blood samples from 243 paediatric patients were genotyped for the high-risk HLA haplotypes DR3-DQ2 (DQA1*05-DQB1*02) and DR4-DQ8 (DRB1*0401/2/4/5-DQB1*0302) and PTPN22 C1858 T polymorphism.
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12557109 Schilling I, Conrad K, Fussel M, Henker J: [Prevalence of type 1 diabetes-specific autoantibodies and of certain HLA patterns in celiac disease]. Dtsch Med Wochenschr. 2003 Jan 31;128(5):185-9.


HLA-DR3, that occurs in both CD and diabetes, was demonstrated in 78% of the patients with CD.
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9562346 Savola K, Bonifacio E, Sabbah E, Kulmala P, Vahasalo P, Karjalainen J, Tuomilehto-Wolf E, Merilainen J, Akerblom HK, Knip M: IA-2 antibodies--a sensitive marker of IDDM with clinical onset in childhood and adolescence. Diabetologia. 1998 Apr;41(4):424-9.


The prevalence and level of IA-2A were increased in cases carrying HLA DR4/non-DR3 compared with other DR combinations.
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12116176 Knip M, Kukko M, Kulmala P, Veijola R, Simell O, Akerblom HK, Ilonen J: Humoral beta-cell autoimmunity in relation to HLA-defined disease susceptibility in preclinical and clinical type 1 diabetes. Am J Med Genet. 2002 May 30;115(1):48-54.


In contrast, those with the DR3-DQB1*02 haplotype had increased GADA titers but low IAA and IA-2 levels.
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12930364 Viskari H, Paronen J, Keskinen P, Simell S, Zawilinska B, Zgorniak-Nowosielska I, Korhonen S, Ilonen J, Simell O, Haapala AM, Knip M, Hyoty H: Humoral beta-cell autoimmunity is rare in patients with the congenital rubella syndrome. Clin Exp Immunol. 2003 Sep;133(3):378-83.


Eight patients carried the HLA-DR3-associated HLA-DQB1*02-DQA1*05 haplotype.
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11679444 Savola K, Laara E, Vahasalo P, Kulmala P, Akerblom HK, Knip M: Dynamic pattern of disease-associated autoantibodies in siblings of children with type 1 diabetes: a population-based study. Diabetes. 2001 Nov;50(11):2625-32.


Positive seroconversions seemed to be associated with a young age of the sibling, HLA DR3/DR4 heterozygosity, HLA identity, and a high initial number of detectable autoantibodies.
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12114788 Kloppel G, Clemens A: Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus: Islet Changes in Relation to Etiology and Pathogenesis. Endocr Pathol. 1997 Winter;8(4):273-282.


An important factor appears to be a genetic predisposition (human leukocyte antigen [HLA] DR3/DR4/DQ8) in connection with as-yet-unknown environmental factors (e.g., viruses).
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18176860 Taplin CE, Barker JM: Autoantibodies in type 1 diabetes. Autoimmunity. 2008 Feb;41(1):11-8.


The highest risk HLA-DR3/4 DQ8 genotype has been shown to be highly associated with beta-cell autoimmunity.
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16442659 Holmberg H, Vaarala O, Sadauskaite-Kuehne V, Ilonen J, Padaiga Z, Ludvigsson J: Higher prevalence of autoantibodies to insulin and GAD65 in Swedish compared to Lithuanian children with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2006 Jun;72(3):308-14. Epub 2006 Jan 26.


The frequency of the risk haplotype DR4-DQ8 was higher in Swedish than in Lithuanian patients (p = 0.004), as well as the high-risk combination of DR4-DQ8 and DR3-DQ2 haplotypes (p = 0.009).
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12445130 Jones B, Frasse P, Olmos E, Zegzouti H, Li ZG, Latche A, Pech JC, Bouzayen M: Down-regulation of DR12, an auxin-response-factor homolog, in the tomato results in a pleiotropic phenotype including dark green and blotchy ripening fruit. Plant J. 2002 Nov;32(4):603-13.


Based on sequence homology, DR1, DR3, DR4 and DR8 are members of the Aux/IAA family, and DR12 belongs to the auxin response factor (ARF) family of transcription factors.
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10753042 Colman PG, Steele C, Couper JJ, Beresford SJ, Powell T, Kewming K, Pollard A, Gellert S, Tait B, Honeyman M, Harrison LC: Islet autoimmunity in infants with a Type I diabetic relative is common but is frequently restricted to one autoantibody. Diabetologia. 2000 Feb;43(2):203-9.


Of the latter, 10 (2.8% overall) were persistently positive; they had higher frequencies of HLA DR4 (p < 0.01) and HLA DR3, 4 (p < 0.05).
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10229311 Rodriguez-Villar C, Conget I, Casamitjana R, Ercilla G, Gomis R: Effects of insulin administration in a group of high-risk, non-diabetic, first-degree relatives of Type 1 diabetic patients: an open pilot trial. Diabet Med. 1999 Feb;16(2):160-3.


All subjects who developed diabetes were positive for antibodies to GAD and expressed the HLA-DR3 or DR4 alleles, whereas only one of the non-progressors had these parameters (P < 0.05).
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18588707 Murgia C, Orru M, Portoghese E, Garau N, Zedda P, Berria R, Motzo C, Sulis S, Murenu M, Paoletti AM, Melis GB: Autoimmunity in gestational diabetes mellitus in Sardinia: a preliminary case-control report. Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2008 Jun 29;6:24.


Sardinia has an unusual distribution of haplotypes and genotypes, with the highest population frequency of HLA DR3 in the world, and after Finland, the highest prevalence of Type 1 diabetes and Autoimmune-related Diseases.
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10714434 Kretowski A, Maciej K, Ida K: The analysis of in vitro transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1) production by peripheral blood in overt and pre-clinical type 1 diabetes mellitus. Immunol Lett. 2000 Feb 1;71(2):85-9.


In the first degree relatives HLA typing (for DR3, DR4 and DQB1*0602 alleles), measurements of anti-pancreatic antibodies (ICA, GADA, IA-2A, IAA) and intravenous glucose tolerance tests were performed.
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