Protein Information

Name lactate dehydrogenase (protein family or complex)
Synonyms LDH; lactate dehydrogenase; lactate dehydrogenases

Compound Information

Name sodium cyanide
CAS sodium cyanide (Na(CN))

Reference List

PubMed Abstract RScore(About this table)
8828812 Zboril P, Wernerova V: The isolation and some properties of the membrane-bound lactate dehydrogenase of Paracoccus denitrificans. Biochem Mol Biol Int. 1996 Jun;39(3):595-605.

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8764325 Wang YH, Borkan SC: Prior heat stress enhances survival of renal epithelial cells after ATP depletion. Am J Physiol. 1996 Jun;270(6 Pt 2):F1057-65.

To evaluate this hypothesis, opossum kidney (OK) cells were exposed to sodium cyanide and 2-deoxy-D-glucose in the absence of medium glucose, a maneuver that reduced cell ATP content to < 10% of the control value within 10 min and decreased cell survival.
One day after 2 h of ATP depletion, OK cells previously exposed to heat stress (to induce accumulation of HSP-72) exhibited marked improvement in survival (a > 4-fold increase in total DNA), less uptake of vital dye, and less release of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) than cells subjected to ATP depletion alone (23.0 +/- 1.6 vs. 34.1 +/- 1.2% of total LDH, respectively).
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10489115 Matsuki N, Takanohashi A, Boffi FM, Inanami O, Kuwabara M, Ono K: Hydroxyl radical generation and lipid peroxidation in C2C12 myotube treated with iodoacetate and cyanide. Free Radic Res. 1999 Jul;31(1):1-8.

To mimic exercise-induced events such as energetic impairment, free radical generation, and lipid peroxidation in vitro, mouse-derived C2C12 myotubes were submitted to the inhibition of glycolytic and/or oxidative metabolism with 1 mM iodoacetate (IAA) and/or 2 mM sodium cyanide (CN), respectively, under 5% CO2/95% air up to 180 min.
In this condition, malondialdehyde (MDA) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were released into the supernatant.
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7606340 May GR, Rowand WS, McCormack JG, Sheridan RD: Neuroprotective profile of lifarizine (RS-87476) in rat cerebrocortical neurones in culture. Br J Pharmacol. 1995 Apr;114(7):1365-70.

Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) released into the culture medium was used as the indicator of cell viability. 2.
Incubation of cultures for 16 h in a medium containing veratridine (10 (-4) M), sodium glutamate (10 (-3) M) or sodium cyanide (10 (-3) M) resulted in consistent elevations of LDH activity in the culture medium.
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8103209 Patel MN, Yim GK, Isom GE: N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors mediate cyanide-induced cytotoxicity in hippocampal cultures. Neurotoxicology. 1993 Spring;14(1):35-40.


Cytotoxicity was assessed in primary rat hippocampal cultures by measuring lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in the culture media.
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6861450 Jones DA, Jackson MJ, Edwards RH: Release of intracellular enzymes from an isolated mammalian skeletal muscle preparation. Clin Sci. 1983 Aug;65(2):193-201.


In both fast and slow muscles contractile activity caused a release of lactate dehydrogenase and creatine kinase that reached a peak 1-2 h after the end of stimulation.
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6324839 Burdon RH, Kerr SM, Cutmore CM, Munro J, Gill V: Hyperthermia, Na+K+ATPase and lactic acid production in some human tumour cells. Br J Cancer. 1984 Apr;49(4):437-45.


The possible role in this phenomenon, of an unusual oxygen-sensitive isoenzyme of lactate dehydrogenase, expressed in human cancers, is discussed.
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1883991 Daval JL, Koziel V, Nicolas F: Functional changes in cultured neurons following transient asphyxia. . Neuroreport. 1991 Feb;2(2):97-100.


Cell morphology, lactate dehydrogenase efflux and protein levels were also examined.
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14767771 Li L, Hessel M, van der Valk L, Bax M, van der Linden I, van der Laarse A: Partial and delayed release of troponin-I compared with the release of lactate dehydrogenase from necrotic cardiomyocytes. Pflugers Arch. 2004 May;448(2):146-52. Epub 2004 Feb 6.

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12624827 Gao XD, Ye WC, Yu AC, Zhang Y, Tan RX, Li M, Hsiao WL: Pulsatilloside A and anemoside A3 protect PC12 cells from apoptosis induced by sodium cyanide and glucose deprivation. Planta Med. 2003 Feb;69(2):171-4.

Additions of pulsatilloside A and anemoside A 3, at dosages ranging from 0.1, 1 and 10 microg/ml, protected PC12 cells from apoptosis determined by MTT, LDH release analysis, and flow cytometry measurement.
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9185163 Ahlemeyer B, Brust P, Johannsen B: Different response of cerebral and non-cerebral endothelial cells to cytotoxic hypoxia. Neurochem Int. 1997 Jul;31(1):39-44.

Hypoxia was induced by inhibiting the cellular respiratory chain with 1 mM sodium cyanide.
Cerebral endothelial cells were damaged after 2 h of hypoxia as assessed by a decrease in cell viability by 25% and by a 2.7-fold higher lactate dehydrogenase release compared to controls.
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2225377 Beanlands RS, Dawood F, Wen WH, McLaughlin PR, Butany J, D'Amati G, Liu PP: Are the kinetics of technetium-99m methoxyisobutyl isonitrile affected by cell metabolism and viability?. Circulation. 1990 Nov;82(5):1802-14.

The hearts were studied after inducing irreversible damage by cytochrome c oxidase inhibitor sodium cyanide (n = 8) or sarcolemmal membrane detergent Triton X-100 (n = 8).
In the cyanide and Triton groups, irreversible cell injury was confirmed by creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase release, triphenyl tetrazolium chloride staining, and electron microscopy.
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16973271 Vignes JR, Hugon J: In vitro efficacy of three lazaroids in a model of acute chemical neuronal hypoxia. Neurosci Lett. 2006 Oct 23;407(2):171-5. Epub 2006 Sep 14.

Primary cultures of cortical neurons of rats were exposed to 0.5 mM sodium cyanide for 6 h.
Neuron death was evaluated with a lactate dehydrogenase assay.
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3182545 Kehrer JP, Park Y, Sies H: Energy dependence of enzyme release from hypoxic isolated perfused rat heart tissue. J Appl Physiol. 1988 Oct;65(4):1855-60.


Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release commenced immediately upon withdrawal of cyanide.
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