Protein Information

Name glutathione reductase
Synonyms GLUR; GR; GRD 1; GRD1; GRase; GSR; Glutathione reductase; GRases…

Compound Information

Name sulfoxide
CAS 5-[2-(octylsulfinyl)propyl]-1,3-benzodioxole

Reference List

PubMed Abstract RScore(About this table)
19665240 Wu TM, Hsu YT, Sung MS, Hsu YT, Lee TM: Expression of genes involved in redox homeostasis and antioxidant defense in a marine macroalga Ulva fasciata by excess copper. Aquat Toxicol. 2009 Oct 4;94(4):275-85. Epub 2009 Jul 19.


Phycologia 47, 346-360] were cloned and their expression was compared to superoxide dismutase (UfMnsod and UfFesod), ascorbate peroxidase (UfApx), glutathione reductase (UfGr), and catalase (UfCat).
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18992134 Maranon G, Munoz-Escassi B, Manley W, Garcia C, Cayado P, de la Muela MS, Olabarri B, Leon R, Vara E: The effect of methyl sulphonyl methane supplementation on biomarkers of oxidative stress in sport horses following jumping exercise. Acta Vet Scand. 2008 Nov 7;50:45.


Nitric oxide, carbon monoxide, lipid hydroperoxides and the antioxidant enzymes, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione transferase and glutathione reductase, plasma levels were determined.
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19530611 Shehab AY, Ebeid SM, El-Samak MY, Hussein NM: Detoxifying and anti-oxidant enzymes of Fasciola gigantica worms under triclabendazole sulphoxide (TCBZ-SX): an in vitro study. J Egypt Soc Parasitol. 2009 Apr;39(1):73-83.


Levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione S-transferase (GST), and glutathione (GSH) were measured in juvenile and adult worms incubated, without and with 15 and 50 microg/ml TCBZ-SX for 18 hours at 37 degrees C.
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17624324 Lebedinsky AS, Cherkashina DV, Sukach AN, Volkova NA, Fuller BJ, Petrenko AY: Positive effects of cryopreserved adult or fetal liver cell transplants on hypercholesterolemia and hepatic antioxidant defenses in cholesterol-fed rabbits. Cryobiology. 2007 Aug;55(1):72-9. Epub 2007 Jun 8.


CFLC transplantation also normalized hepatic tissue antioxidant defenses, namely an increase in reduced glutathione content, and enzyme activities for catalase and glutathione reductase (all significantly higher at p <0.05 than in Sham transplants) by 4 weeks.
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18328561 Maran E, Fernandez M, Barbieri P, Font G, Ruiz MJ: Effects of four carbamate compounds on antioxidant parameters. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2009 Mar;72(3):922-30. Epub 2008 Mar 6.

The effect of four carbamates, aldicarb and its metabolites (aldicarb sulfone and aldicarb sulfoxide) and propoxur on glutathione content and the activity of the enzymes involved in the sulfur-redox cycle in the mammalian cellular model CHO-K1 cells after 24-h exposure were determined.
Depletion of GSH levels was accompanied by the induction of glutathione reductase (GR) after 24h exposure with each of the four carbamates to CHO-K1 cells.
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20171027 Lahnsteiner F, Mansour N, Plaetzer K: Antioxidant systems of brown trout (Salmo trutta f. fario) semen. Anim Reprod Sci. 2010 Jun;119(3-4):314-21. Epub 2010 Feb 1.


In seminal plasma and spermatozoa the enzymes catalase, glutathione reductase, methionine sulfoxide reductase, peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase and the metabolites ascorbic acid, glutathione, methionine, tocopherol, and uric acid were detected.
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19958171 Ugarte N, Petropoulos I, Friguet B: Oxidized Mitochondrial Protein Degradation and Repair in Aging and Oxidative Stress. Antioxid Redox Signal. 2010 Mar 8.


Oxidized protein repair systems, thioredoxin/thioredoxin reductase or glutaredoxin/glutathione/glutathione reductase that catalytically reduce disulfide bridges or sulfenic acids, and methionine sulfoxide reductase that reverses methionine sulfoxide back to methionine within proteins, are present in the mitochondrial matrix.
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20346998 Maran E, Fernandez-Franzon M, Font G, Ruiz MJ: Effects of aldicarb and propoxur on cytotoxicity and lipid peroxidation in CHO-K1 cells. Food Chem Toxicol. 2010 Mar 24.

Cytotoxic effects of aldicarb, its sulfone and sulfoxide, and propoxur, lipid peroxidation and antioxidant parameters in Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO-K1) cells were determined. d,l-buthionine-(S,R)-sulfoximine (BSO) was assayed to determine the role of GSH in the protection against carbamate cytotoxicity.
Pretreatment with 60 muM BSO, induced a significant decrease in the glutathione reductase (GR; 64 to 141%), the glutathione peroxidase (GPx; 10 to 30%) and the glutathione S-transferase (GST; 59 to 93%) activities, and it GSH levels (79-85%), while the oxidized glutathione (GSSG) levels significantly increased (64-78%) respect to experiment non BSO-pretreated.
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