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Murakami Y, Ishii H, Hoshina S, Takada N, Ueki A, Tanaka S, Kadoma Y, Ito S, Machino M, Fujisawa S: Antioxidant and cyclooxygenase-2-inhibiting activity of 4,4'-biphenol, 2,2'-biphenol and phenol. Anticancer Res. 2009 Jun;29(6):2403-10.
The anthropogenic substance 4,4'-biphenol and its analogues are estrogenic and cytotoxic. It has been previously found that synthesized ortho-dimers of phenolic compounds possess potent antioxidative and anti-inflammatory activity. To clarify the relationships between radical-scavenging and anti-inflammatory activities, the radical-scavenging activities of 4,4'-biphenol, 2,2'-biphenol and phenol were investigated by using differential scanning calorimetry to measure the induction period for polymerization of methyl methacrylate initiated by thermal decomposition of 2,2'-azobisisobutyronitrile. We also investigated tThe inhibitory effects of these compounds on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) mRNA and protein expression and on binding of activator-protein-1 (AP-1) and nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-kappaB) to their respective consensus sequences were also investigated in RAW 264.7 cells. Furthermore, theoretical parameters such as phenolic-OH bond dissociation enthalpy (BDE) and ionization potential (IP (koopman)) were calculated at the density functional theory (DFT)/B3LYP levels. Cytotoxicity declined in the order 4,4'-biphenol > 2,2'-biphenol >> phenol. 2,2'-Biphenol, but not 4,4'-biphenol, showed inhibitory effects on LPS-stimulated COX-2 expression and on AP-1 and NF-kappaB binding to their consensus sequences at 1-10 muM. Expression of COX-2 in RAW cells was enhanced by 4,4'-biphenol plus LPS, possibly because of radical-mediated transformation of 4,4'-biphenol to the cytotoxic diphenylquinone, as judged by the stoichiometric factor (n value) of 3.429 and low IP (koopman) value of this biphenol. In contrast, the anti-inflammatory activity of 2,2'-biphenol may be the result of the formation of a dimer derived from oxidation of this compound, as suggested by its n value close to 1. Phenol showed anti-inflammatory activity but did not completely inhibit COX-2 expression, even at higher concentrations. |
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