Protein Information

Name Cytochrome c oxidase (protein family or complex)
Synonyms COX; cytochrome c oxidase; cytochrome c oxidases

Compound Information

Name TCA
CAS 2,2,2-trichloroacetic acid

Reference List

PubMed Abstract RScore(About this table)
17574827 Buddhan S, Sivakumar R, Dhandapani N, Ganesan B, Anandan R: Protective effect of dietary squalene supplementation on mitochondrial function in liver of aged rats. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 2007 Jun;76(6):349-55. Epub 2007 Jun 15.


The dietary supplementation of 2% squalene significantly minimized aging associated alterations in mitochondrial energy status by maintaining the activities of TCA cycle enzymes (isocitrate dehydrogenase, alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, succinate dehydrogenase and malate dehydrogenase) and respiratory marker enzymes (NADH dehydrogenase and cytochrome-c-oxidase) at higher level in the liver mitochondria of aged rats compared with unsupplemented controls.
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16413626 Mohankumar K, Ramasamy P: Activities of membrane bound phosphatases, transaminases and mitochondrial enzymes in white spot syndrome virus infected tissues of Fenneropenaeus indicus. Virus Res. 2006 Jun;118(1-2):130-5. Epub 2006 Jan 18.


The activities of membrane bound phosphatases (Na (+) K (+) ATPase, Ca (2+) ATPase, Mg (2+) ATPase and Total ATPase), transaminases (alanine transaminase (ALT) and aspartate transaminase (AST)) and mitochondrial enzymes (isocitrate dehydrogenase (ICDH), succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), malate dehydrogenase (MDH), alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase (KGDH), NADH dehydrogenase, cytochrome C oxidase) in WSSV-infected tissues (hemolymph, hepatopancreas, gills and muscle) of Fenneropenaeus indicus were determined at intervals after WSSV infection (0, 24, 48, 72 and after 72 h (moribund)).
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19798557 Alikhani N, Ankarcrona M, Glaser E: Mitochondria and Alzheimer's disease: amyloid-beta peptide uptake and degradation by the presequence protease, hPreP. J Bioenerg Biomembr. 2009 Oct;41(5):447-51.


In vitro evidence suggests that the Abeta causes mitochondrial dysfunction e.g. oxidative stress, mitochondrial fragmentation and decreased activity of cytochrome c oxidase and TCA cycle enzymes.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
17543485 Ruzanov P, Riddle DL, Marra MA, McKay SJ, Jones SM: Genes that may modulate longevity in C. elegans in both dauer larvae and long-lived daf-2 adults. Exp Gerontol. 2007 Aug;42(8):825-39. Epub 2007 Apr 21.


We propose a model for enhanced longevity through a cytochrome c oxidase-mediated reduction in reactive oxygen species commonly held to be a major contributor to aging.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
14604472 Arathi G, Sachdanandam P: Therapeutic effect of Semecarpus anacardium Linn. nut milk extract on carbohydrate metabolizing and mitochondrial TCA cycle and respiratory chain enzymes in mammary carcinoma rats. J Pharm Pharmacol. 2003 Sep;55(9):1283-90.


The activities of mitochondrial enzymes isocitrate dehydrogenase, alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, succinate dehydrogenase, malate dehydrogenase, NADH-dehydrogenase and cytochrome C oxidase were significantly lowered in mammary carcinoma-bearing rats when compared with control rats.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
17080620 Noguchi K, Terashima I: Responses of spinach leaf mitochondria to low N availability. Plant Cell Environ. 2006 Apr;29(4):710-9.


On the mitochondrial protein basis, capacities of cytochrome pathway (CP) and cytochrome c oxidase (COX) were comparable regardless of the N availabilities, whereas both AOX capacity and the amounts of AOX protein increased with the decrease in the N availability.
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16906525 Mailloux RJ, Hamel R, Appanna VD: Aluminum toxicity elicits a dysfunctional TCA cycle and succinate accumulation in hepatocytes. J Biochem Mol Toxicol. 2006;20(4):198-208.


BN-PAGE, SDS-PAGE, and Western blot analyses revealed a marked decrease in activity and expression of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase (KGDH), isocitrate dehydrogenase-NAD+ (IDH), fumarase (FUM), aconitase (ACN), and cytochrome c oxidase (Cyt C Ox). 13C-NMR and HPLC studies further confirmed the disparate metabolism operative in control and Al-stressed cells and provided evidence for the accumulation of succinate in the latter cultures.
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16481486 Walker DH, Yu XJ: Progress in rickettsial genome analysis from pioneering of Rickettsia prowazekii to the recent Rickettsia typhi. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2005 Dec;1063:13-25.


The few differences between R. prowazekii and R. typhi include a 12-kb insertion in R. prowazekii, a large inversion close to the origin of replication in R. typhi, and loss of the complete cytochrome c oxidase system by R. typhi.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
19460303 Gamberi T, Magherini F, Borro M, Gentile G, Cavalieri D, Marchi E, Modesti A: Novel insights into phenotype and mitochondrial proteome of yeast mutants lacking proteins Sco1p or Sco2p. Mitochondrion. 2009 Apr;9(2):103-14. Epub 2009 Jan 17.


The Sco proteins (Sco1p and Sco2p) were characterized as proteins required for copper delivery to cytochrome c oxidase.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
20211125 Karnes HE, Scaletty PN, Durham D: Histochemical and fluorescent analyses of mitochondrial integrity in chick auditory neurons following deafferentation. J Am Acad Audiol. 2010 Mar;21(3):204-18.


Histochemical staining intensities for three mitochondrial enzymes, succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), cytochrome c oxidase (CO), and ATP synthase (ATPase) were measured in individual neurons and compared in ipsilateral and contralateral NM.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
16786185 Gnanapragasam A, Yogeeta S, Subhashini R, Ebenezar KK, Sathish V, Devaki T: Adriamycin induced myocardial failure in rats: protective role of Centella asiatica. Mol Cell Biochem. 2007 Jan;294(1-2):55-63. Epub 2006 Jun 20.


Adriamycin (2.5 mg/kg body wt., i.p.) induced mitochondrial damage in rats was assessed in terms of decreased activities (p <0.05) of cardiac marker enzymes (lactate dehydrogenase, creatine phosphokinase, amino transferases), TCA cycle enzymes (isocitrate dehydrogenase, alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, malate dehydrogenase, respiratory marker enzymes (NADH-dehydrogenase, cytochrome-C-oxidase), mitochondrial antioxidant enzymes (GPx, GSH, SOD,CAT) and increased (p <0.05) level of lipid peroxidation.
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16987018 Ago T, Yeh I, Yamamoto M, Schinke-Braun M, Brown JA, Tian B, Sadoshima J: Thioredoxin1 upregulates mitochondrial proteins related to oxidative phosphorylation and TCA cycle in the heart. Antioxid Redox Signal. 2006 Sep-Oct;8(9-10):1635-50.


We confirmed upregulation of cytochrome c oxidase (COX) components and mitochondrial transcription factor A in Tg-Trx1.
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18836533 Wheatley C: The return of the Scarlet Pimpernel: cobalamin in inflammation II - cobalamins can both selectively promote all three nitric oxide synthases (NOS), particularly iNOS and eNOS, and, as needed, selectively inhibit iNOS and nNOS. J Nutr Environ Med. 2007 Sep;16(3-4):181-211.


The up-regulation of transcobalamins [hitherto posited as indicating a central need for cobalamin (Cbl) in inflammation], whose expression, like inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), is Sp1- and interferondependent, together with increased intracellular formation of glutathionylcobalamin (GSCbl), adenosylcobalamin (AdoCbl), methylcobalamin (MeCbl), may be essential for the timely promotion and later selective inhibition of iNOS and concordant regulation of endothelial and neuronal NOS (eNOS/nNOS.) Cbl may ensure controlled high output of nitric oxide (NO) and its safe deployment, because: (1) Cbl is ultimately responsible for the synthesis or availability of the NOS substrates and cofactors heme, arginine, BH (4) flavin adenine dinucleotide/flavin mononucleotide (FAD/FMN) and NADPH, via the far-reaching effects of the two Cbl coenzymes, methionine synthase (MS) and methylmalonyl CoA mutase (MCoAM) in, or on, the folate, glutathione, tricarboxylic acid (TCA) and urea cycles, oxidative phosphorylation, glycolysis and the pentose phosphate pathway.
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