| Name | sodium channel (protein family or complex) |
|---|---|
| Synonyms | Sodium channel |
| Name | piperonyl butoxide |
|---|---|
| CAS | 5-[[2-(2-butoxyethoxy)ethoxy]methyl]-6-propyl-1,3-benzodioxole |
| PubMed | Abstract | RScore(About this table) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 18076786 | Eleftherianos I, Foster SP, Williamson MS, Denholm I: Characterization of the M918T sodium channel gene mutation associated with strong resistance to pyrethroid insecticides in the peach-potato aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer). Bull Entomol Res. 2008 Apr;98(2):183-91. Epub 2007 Dec 13. However, pre-treatment with piperonyl butoxide in the leaf-dip bioassays failed to suppress pyrethroid resistance in aphids carrying one or both of the mutations. |
3(0,0,0,3) | Details |
| 16032654 | Xu Q, Liu H, Zhang L, Liu N: Resistance in the mosquito, Culex quinquefasciatus, and possible mechanisms for resistance. Pest Manag Sci. 2005 Nov;61(11):1096-102. Resistance to permethrin in MAmCq (G1) and HAmCq (G3) was partially suppressed by piperonyl butoxide (PBO), S,S,S-tributylphosphorotrithioate (DEF) and diethyl (DEM), inhibitors of cytochrome P450 monooxygenases, hydrolases and glutathione S-transferases (GST), respectively, suggesting these three enzyme families are important in conferring permethrin resistance in both strains. A substitution of to (L to F) resulting from a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), termed the kdr mutation, in the para-homologous sodium channel gene has been reported as a very common mutation associated with pyrethroid resistance of insects. |
2(0,0,0,2) | Details |
| 19754737 | Tsagkarakou A, Van Leeuwen T, Khajehali J, Ilias A, Grispou M, Williamson MS, Tirry L, Vontas J: Identification of pyrethroid resistance associated mutations in the para sodium channel of the two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae). Insect Mol Biol. 2009 Oct;18(5):583-93. |
2(0,0,0,2) | Details |
| 16180929 | Bradberry SM, Cage SA, Proudfoot AT, Vale JA: Poisoning due to pyrethroids. Toxicol Rev. 2005;24(2):93-106. Pyrethroids are some 2250 times more toxic to insects than mammals because insects have increased sodium channel sensitivity, smaller body size and lower body temperature. In commercial formulations, the activity of pyrethroids is usually enhanced by the addition of a synergist such as piperonyl butoxide, which inhibits metabolic degradation of the active ingredient. |
1(0,0,0,1) | Details |
| 10665420 | Kakko I, Toimela T, Tahti H: Piperonyl butoxide potentiates the synaptosome ATPase inhibiting effect of pyrethrin. Chemosphere. 2000 Feb;40(3):301-5. One of the cellular targets of pyrethrins is the sodium channel in the membrane. |
1(0,0,0,1) | Details |
| 17461080 | Nguyen SN, Song C, Scharf ME: Toxicity, synergism, and neurological effects of novel volatile insecticides in insecticide-susceptible and -resistant Drosophila strains. J Econ Entomol. 2007 Apr;100(2):534-44. In addition to a susceptible strain (Canton-S), three mutant strains were tested that included a strain resistant by P450-based metabolism (Hikone-R) and two resistant neurological mutant strains; one voltage-gated sodium channel mutant (para (ts-1)) and one -gated chloride channel mutant (Rdl). |
1(0,0,0,1) | Details |
| 12823830 | Enayati AA, Vatandoost H, Ladonni H, Townson H, Hemingway J: Molecular evidence for a kdr-like pyrethroid resistance mechanism in the malaria vector mosquito Anopheles stephensi. Med Vet Entomol. 2003 Jun;17(2):138-44. Activities of some enzymes likely to confer pyrethroid-resistance (i.e. esterases, monooxygenases and glutathione S-transferases) were significantly higher in the permethrin-resistant than in the susceptible strain, but the use of synergists--piperonyl butoxide (PBO) to inhibit monooxygenases and/or tribufos (DEF) to inhibit esterases--did not fully prevent resistance in larvae (permethrin LC50 reduced by only 51-68%), indicating the involvement of another mechanism. From both strains of An. stephensi, we obtained a 237-bp fragment of genomic DNA encoding segment 6 of domain II of the para type voltage-gated sodium channel, i.e. the putative kdr locus. |
1(0,0,0,1) | Details |
| 9443375 | Guerrero FD, Jamroz RC, Kammlah D, Kunz SE: Toxicological and molecular characterization of pyrethroid-resistant horn flies, Haematobia irritans: identification of kdr and super-kdr point mutations. Insect Biochem Mol Biol. 1997 Aug-Sep;27(8-9):745-55. Synergism experiments with piperonyl butoxide showed that both target site insensitivity and metabolic resistance mechanisms were present in the Super Resistant strain. Using the reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), a 0.9 kb fragment of the putative sodium channel gene from susceptible and resistant flies was cloned and sequenced. |
1(0,0,0,1) | Details |