Protein Information

Name G proteins
Synonyms G gamma I; Guanine nucleotide binding protein 2; G protein; GNG 2; GNG2; GNGT 2; GNGT2; Guanine nucleotide binding protein gamma 2…

Compound Information

Name chlorpyrifos
CAS

Reference List

PubMed Abstract RScore(About this table)
9221834 Song X, Seidler FJ, Saleh JL, Zhang J, Padilla S, Slotkin TA: Cellular mechanisms for developmental toxicity of chlorpyrifos: targeting the adenylyl cyclase signaling cascade. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 1997 Jul;145(1):158-74.

In all three, chlorpyrifos evoked deficits in multiple components of the adenylyl cyclase cascade: expression and activity of adenylyl cyclase itself, functioning of G-proteins that link neurotransmitter and hormone receptors to cyclase activity, and expression of neurotransmitter receptors that act through this cascade.
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20298678 Adigun AA, Ryde IT, Seidler FJ, Slotkin TA: Organophosphate Exposure During a Critical Developmental Stage Reprograms Adenylyl Cyclase Signaling in PC12 Cells. Brain Res. 2010 Mar 15.

We exposed PC12 cells to chlorpyrifos, diazinon or parathion in the undifferentiated state and during neurodifferentiation; we then assessed the function of the adenylyl cyclase (AC) signaling cascade, measuring basal AC activity as well as responses to stimulants acting at G-proteins or on the AC molecule itself.
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11164809 Garcia SJ, Seidler FJ, Crumpton TL, Slotkin TA: Does the developmental neurotoxicity of chlorpyrifos involve glial targets? Macromolecule synthesis, adenylyl cyclase signaling, nuclear transcription factors, and formation of reactive oxygen in C6 glioma cells. Brain Res. 2001 Feb 9;891(1-2):54-68.

CPF interfered with cell signaling mediated through adenylyl cyclase at the level of G-protein function; the effects again were greater in undifferentiated C6 cells but were still detectable in differentiating cells.
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14998743 Meyer A, Seidler FJ, Aldridge JE, Tate CA, Cousins MM, Slotkin TA: Critical periods for chlorpyrifos-induced developmental neurotoxicity: alterations in adenylyl cyclase signaling in adult rat brain regions after gestational or neonatal exposure. Environ Health Perspect. 2004 Mar;112(3):295-301.

Most of the effects were heterologous, involving signaling elements downstream from the receptors, and thus shared by multiple stimulants; superimposed on this basic pattern, there were also selective alterations in receptor-mediated responses, in G-protein function, and in AC expression and subtypes.
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18800293 Udarbe Zamora EM, Liu J, Pope CN: Effects of chlorpyrifos oxon on M2 muscarinic receptor internalization in different cell types. J Toxicol Environ Health A. 2008;71(21):1440-7.

Agonist-induced phosphorylation of M2 receptors is mediated by G-protein receptor kinase 2 (GRK2).
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10837889 Auman JT, Seidler FJ, Slotkin TA: Neonatal chlorpyrifos exposure targets multiple proteins governing the hepatic adenylyl cyclase signaling cascade: implications for neurotoxicity. Brain Res Dev Brain Res. 2000 May 11;121(1):19-27.

This conclusion was confirmed by impaired responsiveness to fluoride, which directly activates G-proteins.
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14754571 Meyer A, Seidler FJ, Slotkin TA: Developmental effects of chlorpyrifos extend beyond neurotoxicity: critical periods for immediate and delayed-onset effects on cardiac and hepatic cell signaling. Environ Health Perspect. 2004 Feb;112(2):170-8.

In addition to basal AC activity, we assessed the responses to direct AC stimulants (forskolin, Mn2+); to isoproterenol and glucagon, which activate signaling through specific membrane receptors; and to sodium fluoride, which activates the G-proteins that couple the receptors to AC.
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20026089 Adigun AA, Seidler FJ, Slotkin TA: Disparate developmental neurotoxicants converge on the cyclic AMP signaling cascade, revealed by transcriptional profiles in vitro and in vivo. Brain Res. 2010 Feb 26;1316:1-16. Epub 2009 Dec 21.

We compared organophosphates (chlorpyrifos, diazinon), an organochlorine (dieldrin) and a metal (Ni (2+)) for their effects on neuronotypic PC12 cells, assessing gene transcription involved in the cyclic AMP pathway.
We found strong concordance among the four agents across all the gene families, with the strongest relationships for the G-proteins, followed by adenylyl cyclase, and lesser concordance for protein kinase A and phosphodiesterase.
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