Protein Information

Name chloride channel (protein family or complex)
Synonyms chloride channel

Compound Information

Name fipronil
CAS

Reference List

PubMed Abstract RScore(About this table)
17615118 Narahashi T, Zhao X, Ikeda T, Nagata K, Yeh JZ: Differential actions of insecticides on target sites: basis for selective toxicity. Hum Exp Toxicol. 2007 Apr;26(4):361-6.

Fipronil, a phenylpyrazole, is known to act on the gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor to block the chloride channel.
162(2,2,2,2) Details
8546445 Bloomquist JR: Ion channels as targets for insecticides. Annu Rev Entomol. 1996;41:163-90.

The arylheterocycles (e.g. endosulfan and fipronil) are potent convulsants and insecticides that block the GABA-gated chloride channel.
81(1,1,1,1) Details
14637375 Ikeda T, Zhao X, Kono Y, Yeh JZ, Narahashi T: Fipronil modulation of glutamate-induced chloride currents in cockroach thoracic ganglion neurons. Neurotoxicology. 2003 Dec;24(6):807-15.

We studied the effects of fipronil on the inhibitory glutamate receptor-chloride channel complex, which is found only in invertebrates.
81(1,1,1,1) Details
11503069 Schlenk D, Huggett DB, Allgood J, Bennett E, Rimoldi J, Beeler AB, Block D, Holder AW, Hovinga R, Bedient P: Toxicity of fipronil and its degradation products to Procambarus sp.: field and laboratory studies. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol. 2001 Oct;41(3):325-32.

An arthropod-selective insecticide, fipronil blocks the GABA-gated chloride channel and is unique in that several of its degradation products have been indicated to be equal or more potent than fipronil.
81(1,1,1,1) Details
16336717 Garcia del Pino F, Jove M: Compatibility of entomopathogenic nematodes with fipronil. . J Helminthol. 2005 Dec;79(4):333-7.

The survival and infectivity of infective juveniles (IJs) of three species of entomopathogenic nematodes, Steinernema carpocapsae Weiser, S. arenarium (Artyukhovsky) (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae) and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora Poinar (Rhabditida: Heterorhabditidae), were determined after exposure to different concentrations (250, 500, 1000 and 2000 ppm) of fipronil, an insecticide acting on the GABA receptors to block the chloride channel.
81(1,1,1,1) Details
11677140 Sirisoma NS, Ratra GS, Tomizawa M, Casida JE: Fipronil-based photoaffinity probe for Drosophila and human beta 3 GABA receptors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2001 Nov 19;11(22):2979-81.

Modification of the major insecticide fipronil (1) by replacing three pyrazole substituents (hydrogen for both cyano and amino and trifluoromethyldiazirinyl for trifluoromethylsulfinyl) gives a candidate photoaffinity probe (3) of high potency (IC (50) 2-28 nM) in blocking the chloride channel of Drosophila and human beta 3 GABA receptors.
81(1,1,1,1) Details
9860498 Hainzl D, Cole LM, Casida JE: Mechanisms for selective toxicity of fipronil insecticide and its sulfone metabolite and desulfinyl photoproduct. Chem Res Toxicol. 1998 Dec;11(12):1529-35.

Fipronil, an N-phenylpyrazole with a trifluoromethylsulfinyl substituent, initiated the second generation of insecticides acting at the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor to block the chloride channel.
81(1,1,1,1) Details
8917493 Hainzl D, Casida JE: Fipronil insecticide: novel photochemical desulfinylation with retention of neurotoxicity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1996 Nov 12;93(23):12764-7.

The persistence of this photoproduct and its high neuroactivity, resulting from blocking the lambda-aminobutyric acid-gated chloride channel, suggest that it may be a significant contributor to the effectiveness of fipronil.
32(0,1,1,2) Details
7582519 Hosie AM, Baylis HA, Buckingham SD, Sattelle DB: Actions of the insecticide fipronil, on dieldrin-sensitive and- resistant GABA receptors of Drosophila melanogaster. Br J Pharmacol. 1995 Jul;115(6):909-12.

Blocking actions of the novel insecticide, fipronil, were examined on GABA responses recorded from Xenopus oocytes expressing either wild type (dieldrin-sensitive) or mutant (dieldrin-resistant) forms of the Drosophila melanogaster GABA-gated chloride channel homo-oligomer, RDL (the product of the resistance to dieldrin locus: Rdl). 2.
31(0,1,1,1) Details
17201770 Eguchi Y, Ihara M, Ochi E, Shibata Y, Matsuda K, Fushiki S, Sugama H, Hamasaki Y, Niwa H, Wada M, Ozoe F, Ozoe Y: Functional characterization of Musca glutamate- and GABA-gated chloride channels expressed independently and coexpressed in Xenopus oocytes. Insect Mol Biol. 2006 Dec;15(6):773-83.

Both channels were chloride ion-permeable, and the MdRdl channel was more sensitive to chloride channel blockers, such as gamma-hexachlorocyclohexane (gamma-HCH), fipronil and picrotoxinin, than the MdGluCl-alpha channel.
7(0,0,1,2) Details
11250875 Horoszok L, Raymond V, Sattelle DB, Wolstenholme AJ: GLC-3: a novel fipronil and BIDN-sensitive, but picrotoxinin-insensitive, L-glutamate-gated chloride channel subunit from Caenorhabditis elegans. Br J Pharmacol. 2001 Mar;132(6):1247-54.
7(0,0,1,2) Details
15641641 Mohamed F, Senarathna L, Percy A, Abeyewardene M, Eaglesham G, Cheng R, Azher S, Hittarage A, Dissanayake W, Sheriff MH, Davies W, Buckley NA, Eddleston M: Acute human self-poisoning with the N-phenylpyrazole insecticide fipronil--a GABAA-gated chloride channel blocker. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol. 2004;42(7):955-63.
6(0,0,1,1) Details
14635176 Bloomquist JR: Chloride channels as tools for developing selective insecticides. Arch Insect Biochem Physiol. 2003 Dec;54(4):145-56.

The gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA (1)) receptor/chloride ionophore complex is the primary site of action for a number of currently used insecticides, such as lindane, endosulfan, and fipronil.
These compounds act as antagonists by stabilizing nonconducting conformations of the chloride channel.
5(0,0,0,5) Details
12770577 Zheng Y, Priest B, Cully DF, Ludmerer SW: RdlDv, a novel GABA-gated chloride channel gene from the American dog tick Dermacentor variabilis. Insect Biochem Mol Biol. 2003 Jun;33(6):595-9.

When expressed in Xenopus oocytes, RdlDv produces GABA-activated currents blocked by the known insecticides and RDL antagonists fipronil and picrotoxinin.
4(0,0,0,4) Details
11714703 Zheng Y, Hirschberg B, Yuan J, Wang AP, Hunt DC, Ludmerer SW, Schmatz DM, Cully DF: Identification of two novel Drosophila melanogaster histamine-gated chloride channel subunits expressed in the eye. J Biol Chem. 2002 Jan 18;277(3):2000-5. Epub 2001 Nov 19.

Histamine-activated currents were not blocked by picrotoxinin, fipronil, strychnine, or the H2 antagonist cimetidine.
3(0,0,0,3) Details
16027231 Buckingham SD, Biggin PC, Sattelle BM, Brown LA, Sattelle DB: Insect GABA receptors: splicing, editing, and targeting by antiparasitics and insecticides. Mol Pharmacol. 2005 Oct;68(4):942-51. Epub 2005 Jul 18.

A GABA-gated chloride channel subunit from Drosophila melanogaster [Resistant to Dieldrin (RDL)] has been cloned, functionally expressed, and found to exhibit many aspects of the pharmacology of native, bicuculline-insensitive insect GABA receptors.
RDL is the target of the commercially important insecticide fipronil.
2(0,0,0,2) Details
12770091 Le Corronc H, Alix P, Hue B: Differential sensitivity of two insect GABA-gated chloride channels to dieldrin, fipronil and picrotoxinin. J Insect Physiol. 2002 Apr;48(4):419-431.

We describe here the pharmacological properties of two GABA receptor subtypes coupled to a chloride channel on dorsal unpaired median (DUM) neurones of the adult male cockroach.
2(0,0,0,2) Details
19906878 Dupuis JP, Bazelot M, Barbara GS, Paute S, Gauthier M, Raymond-Delpech V: Homomeric RDL and heteromeric RDL/LCCH3 GABA receptors in the honeybee antennal lobes: two candidates for inhibitory transmission in olfactory processing. J Neurophysiol. 2010 Jan;103(1):458-68. Epub 2009 Nov 11.

gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA)-gated chloride channel receptors are abundant in the CNS, where their physiological role is to mediate fast inhibitory neurotransmission.
The resulting receptors were activated by insect GABA-receptor agonists muscimol and CACA and blocked by antagonists fipronil, dieldrin, and picrotoxin, but not bicuculline, displaying a typical RDL-like pharmacology.
2(0,0,0,2) Details
7885191 Cole LM, Roush RT, Casida JE: Drosophila GABA-gated chloride channel: modified [3H] EBOB binding site associated with Ala--> Ser or Gly mutants of Rdl subunit. Life Sci. 1995;56(10):757-65.

This specific binding of [3H] EBOB is strongly inhibited by: a large number and variety of insecticidal channel blockers at 20 nM (lindane, alpha-endosulfan, dieldrin, 12-ketoendrin, fipronil, and a representative bicycloorthobenzoate and dithiane) or 200 nM (picrotoxinin); the insecticidal channel activators avermectin and moxidectin at 20 nM; muscimol at 30 microM and GABA at 300 microM.
2(0,0,0,2) Details
11879973 Ratra GS, Erkkila BE, Weiss DS, Casida JE: Unique insecticide specificity of human homomeric rho 1 GABA (C) receptor. . Toxicol Lett. 2002 Mar 24;129(1-2):47-53.

Several convulsants and major insecticides block the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-gated chloride channel in brain on binding to the GABA (A) receptor.
This GABA (C) rho 1 receptor is very sensitive to CNBOB and lindane relative to alpha-endosulfan, tert-butylbicyclophosphorothionate, picrotoxinin and fipronil (IC (50) values of 23, 91, 800, 1080, 4000 and > 10000 nM, respectively, in displacing [3H] EBOB).
2(0,0,0,2) Details
11312652 Ratra GS, Kamita SG, Casida JE: Role of human GABA (A) receptor beta3 subunit in insecticide toxicity. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2001 May 1;172(3):233-40.

The gamma-aminobutyric acid type A (GABA (A)) receptor is the target for the major insecticides alpha-endosulfan, lindane, and fipronil and for many analogs.
Their action as chloride channel blockers is directly measured by binding studies with [(3) H] ethynylbicycloorthobenzoate ([(3) H] EBOB).
1(0,0,0,1) Details
19336526 McCavera S, Rogers AT, Yates DM, Woods DJ, Wolstenholme AJ: An ivermectin-sensitive glutamate-gated chloride channel from the parasitic nematode Haemonchus contortus. Mol Pharmacol. 2009 Jun;75(6):1347-55. Epub 2009 Mar 31.

Responses to glutamate and ivermectin were inhibited by picrotoxinin and fipronil.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
12590480 Aajoud A, Ravanel P, Tissut M: Fipronil metabolism and dissipation in a simplified aquatic ecosystem. J Agric Food Chem. 2003 Feb 26;51(5):1347-52.

Several phenylpyrazole derivatives are selective inhibitors of chloride channel activities in insects.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
12442503 Tingle CC, Rother JA, Dewhurst CF, Lauer S, King WJ: Fipronil: environmental fate, ecotoxicology, and human health concerns. Rev Environ Contam Toxicol. 2003;176:1-66.

It belongs to the phenyl pyrazole or fiprole group of chemicals and is a potent disrupter of the insect central nervous system via interference with the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA-) regulated chloride channel.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
10212398 Wolff MA, Wingate VP: Characterization and comparative pharmacological studies of a functional gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor cloned from the tobacco budworm, Heliothis virescens (Noctuidae:Lepidoptera). Invert Neurosci. 1998 Mar;3(4):305-15.

Two electrode voltage clamp recordings of Xenopus oocytes expressing the HVRDL GABA-gated chloride channel revealed robust chloride ion conductance in response to GABA and the GABAA receptor agonist, muscimol.
Chloride conductance was depressed by the novel insecticide, fipronil ((+/-)-5-amino-1-(2,6 dichloro-alpha, alpha, alpha-trifluoro-p-tolyl)-4-trifluoromethyl-sulfinylpyrazole-3-carb onitrile) and the GABAA antagonist, picrotoxinin.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
18651916 Hirata K, Ishida C, Eguchi Y, Sakai K, Ozoe F, Ozoe Y, Matsuda K: Role of a serine residue (S278) in the pore-facing region of the housefly L-glutamate-gated chloride channel in determining sensitivity to noncompetitive antagonists. Insect Mol Biol. 2008 Aug;17(4):341-50.

Gamma-hexachlorocyclohexane (gamma-HCH), fipronil and picrotoxinin are noncompetitive antagonists (NCAs) of L-glutamate-gated chloride channels (GluCls), yet their potencies are weaker than those on gamma-aminobutyric acid receptors (GABARs).
1(0,0,0,1) Details
20200125 Janssen D, Derst C, Rigo JM, Van Kerkhove E: Cys-loop ligand-gated chloride channels in Dorsal Unpaired Median neurons of Locusta migratoria. J Neurophysiol. 2010 Mar 3.

In insects, inhibitory neurotransmission is generally associated with members of the cys-loop ligand-gated anion channels, such as the glutamate-gated chloride channel (GluCl), the gamma-amino butyric acid-gated chloride channels (GABACl) and the histamine-gated chloride channels (HisCl).
GluCls were sensitive to ibotenate and blocked by picrotoxin and fipronil.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
16537435 Chen L, Durkin KA, Casida JE: Structural model for gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor noncompetitive antagonist binding: widely diverse structures fit the same site. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006 Mar 28;103(13):5185-90. Epub 2006 Mar 10.

Several major insecticides, including alpha-endosulfan, lindane, and fipronil, and the botanical picrotoxinin are noncompetitive antagonists (NCAs) for the GABA receptor.
Despite large structural diversity, the NCAs are proposed to fit a single binding site in the chloride channel lumen lined by five transmembrane 2 segments.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
11378196 Cheeseman CL, Delany NS, Woods DJ, Wolstenholme AJ: High-affinity ivermectin binding to recombinant subunits of the Haemonchus contortus glutamate-gated chloride channel. Mol Biochem Parasitol. 2001 May;114(2):161-8.

Picrotoxin, fipronil, glutamate and GABA all failed to compete for ivermectin binding to either subunit.
1(0,0,0,1) Details