Protein Information

Name NMDA receptor (protein family or complex)
Synonyms Glutamate [NMDA] receptor; Glutamate [NMDA] receptors; N methyl D aspartate receptor; N methyl D aspartate receptors; NMDA receptor; NMDA receptors

Compound Information

Name formaldehyde
CAS formaldehyde

Reference List

PubMed Abstract RScore(About this table)
17434604 Ahmed S, Tsukahara S, Tin-Tin-Win-Shwe, Yamamoto S, Kunugita N, Arashidani K, Fujimaki H: Effects of low-level formaldehyde exposure on synaptic plasticity-related gene expression in the hippocampus of immunized mice. J Neuroimmunol. 2007 May;186(1-2):104-11. Epub 2007 Apr 16.

We examined the effects of inhalative exposure to formaldehyde (FA, 400 ppb) on N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor subunits (NR2A and NR2B), dopamine receptor subtypes (D1 and D2), cyclic AMP responsive element-binding protein (CREB)-1, CREB-2, FosB/DeltaFosB, and transient receptor potential vanilloid receptor (TRPV1) in the hippocampus of ovalbumin-immunized mice using quantitative real-time PCR.
32(0,1,1,2) Details
18521615 Kherani ZS, Auer RN: Pharmacologic analysis of the mechanism of dark neuron production in cerebral cortex. Acta Neuropathol. 2008 Oct;116(4):447-52. Epub 2008 Jun 3.

To ascertain the role of glutamate, blockade of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) and non-NMDA receptors was done prior to formaldehyde fixation.
32(0,1,1,2) Details
18333987 Lu Z, Li CM, Qiao Y, Yan Y, Yang X: Effect of inhaled formaldehyde on learning and memory of mice. Indoor Air. 2008 Apr;18(2):77-83.

Oxidative damage, and the alteration of NMDA receptor expression, which were induced by formaldehyde inhalation, may be the possible mechanism for gaseous formaldehyde-induced neurotoxicity.
31(0,1,1,1) Details
19337831 Li SQ, Xing YL, Chen WN, Yue SL, Li L, Li WB: Activation of NMDA receptor is associated with up-regulation of COX-2 expression in the spinal dorsal horn during nociceptive inputs in rats. Neurochem Res. 2009 Aug;34(8):1451-63. Epub 2009 Apr 1.

5(0,0,0,5) Details
19185544 Garraway SM, Xu Q, Inturrisi CE: siRNA-mediated knockdown of the NR1 subunit gene of the NMDA receptor attenuates formalin-induced pain behaviors in adult rats. J Pain. 2009 Apr;10(4):380-90. Epub 2009 Jan 29.

4(0,0,0,4) Details
18586315 Holtman JR Jr, Crooks PA, Johnson-Hardy JK, Hojomat M, Kleven M, Wala EP: Effects of norketamine enantiomers in rodent models of persistent pain. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2008 Oct;90(4):676-85.


NMDA-receptor antagonists are potential drugs for chronic pain treatment, in particular for neuropathic pain involving central sensitization processes.
4(0,0,0,4) Details
18249418 Chen T, Hu Z, Quirion R, Hong Y: Modulation of NMDA receptors by intrathecal administration of the sensory neuron-specific receptor agonist BAM8-22. Neuropharmacology. 2008 Apr;54(5):796-803. Epub 2007 Dec 31.

3(0,0,0,3) Details
19011637 Liu XJ, Gingrich JR, Vargas-Caballero M, Dong YN, Sengar A, Beggs S, Wang SH, Ding HK, Frankland PW, Salter MW: Treatment of inflammatory and neuropathic pain by uncoupling Src from the NMDA receptor complex. Nat Med. 2008 Dec;14(12):1325-32. Epub 2008 Nov 16.

2(0,0,0,2) Details
19011793 Lopez-Galindo GE, Cano-Europa E, Ortiz-Butron R: Ketamine prevents lidocaine-caused neurotoxicity in the CA3 hippocampal and basolateral amygdala regions of the brain in adult rats. J Anesth. 2008;22(4):471-4. Epub 2008 Nov 15.

Our objective was to prove whether blocking the action of glutamate on N-methyl-D: -aspartate (NMDA) receptors could prevent the neuronal damage caused by the acute administration of lidocaine.
Ten days after administration of the agents, all rats were transcardially perfused, under pentobarbital anesthesia, with 10% formaldehyde.
2(0,0,0,2) Details
19429351 Suzuki Y, Yuzurihara M, Hibino T, Yano S, Kase Y: Aqueous extract of Asiasari radix inhibits formalin-induced hyperalgesia via NMDA receptors. J Ethnopharmacol. 2009 May 4;123(1):128-33. Epub 2009 Feb 14.

2(0,0,0,2) Details
18582492 Holtman JR Jr, Crooks PA, Johnson-Hardy J, Wala EP: Interaction between morphine and norketamine enantiomers in rodent models of nociception. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2008 Oct;90(4):769-77.


Ketamine, one of a few clinically-available N-Methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-receptor antagonists, is known to improve the analgesic efficacy of opioids in humans and rodents.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
18706764 Cao JL, Ruan JP, Ling DY, Guan XH, Bao Q, Yuan Y, Zhang LC, Song XJ, Zeng YM: Activation of peripheral ephrinBs/EphBs signaling induces hyperalgesia through a MAPKs-mediated mechanism in mice. Pain. 2008 Oct 31;139(3):617-31. Epub 2008 Aug 15.


EphrinB1-Fc-induced hyperalgesia is accompanied with the NMDA receptor-mediated increase of expression in peripheral and spinal phosphorylated mitogen-activated protein kinases (phospho-MAPKs) including p-p38, pERK and pJNK, and also is prevented or reversed by the inhibition of peripheral and spinal MAPKs.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
17522019 Shum FW, Wu LJ, Zhao MG, Toyoda H, Xu H, Ren M, Pinaud R, Ko SW, Lee YS, Kaang BK, Zhuo M: Alteration of cingulate long-term plasticity and behavioral sensitization to inflammation by environmental enrichment. Learn Mem. 2007 Apr 10;14(4):304-12. Print 2007 Apr.


The increased NMDA receptor NR2B/NR2A subunits current ratio is associated with the plasticity seen in the ACC while total protein levels remain unchanged.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
18417706 Pezet S, Marchand F, D'Mello R, Grist J, Clark AK, Malcangio M, Dickenson AH, Williams RJ, McMahon SB: Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase is a key mediator of central sensitization in painful inflammatory conditions. J Neurosci. 2008 Apr 16;28(16):4261-70.


In addition, we observed a significant decrease in the phosphorylation of the NMDA receptor subunit NR2B, decreased translocation to the plasma membrane of the GluR1 (glutamate receptor 1) AMPA receptor subunit in the spinal cord, and a reduction of evoked neuronal activity as measured using c-Fos immunohistochemistry.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
18580579 Wood PL, Mahmood SA, Moskal JR: Antinociceptive action of GLYX-13: an N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor glycine site partial agonist. Neuroreport. 2008 Jul 2;19(10):1059-61.


However, both competitive and noncompetitive NMDA receptor antagonists are ataxic at analgesic doses.
1(0,0,0,1) Details