Protein Information

Name aconitase
Synonyms ACO 2; Aconitase; Citrate hydro lyase; ACO2; ACO2 protein; ACONM; Aconitase 2; Citrate hydrolyase aconitase…

Compound Information

Name TCA
CAS 2,2,2-trichloroacetic acid

Reference List

PubMed Abstract RScore(About this table)
19495707 Gaudet R, Brochu M: Renal and cardiac Na+-K +-ATPase and aconitase in a rat model of fetal programming. Methods Mol Biol. 2009;550:225-37.

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16395550 Blencke HM, Reif I, Commichau FM, Detsch C, Wacker I, Ludwig H, Stulke J: Regulation of citB expression in Bacillus subtilis: integration of multiple metabolic signals in the citrate pool and by the general nitrogen regulatory system. Arch Microbiol. 2006 Mar;185(2):136-46. Epub 2006 Jan 5.


The syntheses of the enzymes performing the initial reactions of the cycle, citrate synthase, and aconitase, are synergistically repressed by rapidly metabolizable carbon sources and glutamine.
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15968059 Chatterjee I, Becker P, Grundmeier M, Bischoff M, Somerville GA, Peters G, Sinha B, Harraghy N, Proctor RA, Herrmann M: Staphylococcus aureus ClpC is required for stress resistance, aconitase activity, growth recovery, and death. J Bacteriol. 2005 Jul;187(13):4488-96.

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17273855 Veit A, Polen T, Wendisch VF: Global gene expression analysis of glucose overflow metabolism in Escherichia coli and reduction of aerobic acetate formation. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2007 Feb;74(2):406-21. Epub 2006 Nov 25.


A correlation analysis identified that expression of ten genes (sdhCDAB, sucB, sucC, acnB, lpdA, fumC and mdh) encoding the TCA cycle enzymes succinate dehydrogenase, alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, succinyl-CoA synthetase, aconitase, fumarase and malate dehydrogenase, respectively, and of the acs-yjcH-actP operon for acetate utilization correlated negatively with acetate formation.
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18337490 Morgan MJ, Lehmann M, Schwarzlander M, Baxter CJ, Sienkiewicz-Porzucek A, Williams TC, Schauer N, Fernie AR, Fricker MD, Ratcliffe RG, Sweetlove LJ, Finkemeier I: Decrease in manganese superoxide dismutase leads to reduced root growth and affects tricarboxylic acid cycle flux and mitochondrial redox homeostasis. Plant Physiol. 2008 May;147(1):101-14. Epub 2008 Mar 12.


However, there were specific inhibitions of tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle enzymes (aconitase and isocitrate dehydrogenase) and an inhibition of TCA cycle flux in isolated mitochondria.
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12730455 Eisenstein RS, Ross KL: Novel roles for iron regulatory proteins in the adaptive response to iron deficiency. J Nutr. 2003 May;133(5 Suppl 1):1510S-6S.


In mammals, this includes the mRNA that encodes the TCA-cycle enzyme mitochondrial aconitase (m-acon).
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12631716 McCammon MT, Epstein CB, Przybyla-Zawislak B, McAlister-Henn L, Butow RA: Global transcription analysis of Krebs tricarboxylic acid cycle mutants reveals an alternating pattern of gene expression and effects on hypoxic and oxidative genes. Mol Biol Cell. 2003 Mar;14(3):958-72.


Another set of genes displayed a pairwise, alternating pattern of expression in response to contiguous TCA cycle enzyme defects: expression was elevated in aconitase and isocitrate dehydrogenase mutants, diminished in alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase and succinyl-CoA ligase mutants, elevated again in succinate dehydrogenase and fumarase mutants, and diminished again in malate dehydrogenase and citrate synthase mutants.
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12138751 Il'chenko AP, Cherniavskaia OG, Shishkanova NV, Finogenova TV: [Metabolism of Yarrowia lipolytica grown on ethanol under conditions promoting the production of alpha-ketoglutaric and citric acids: a comparative study of the central metabolism enzymes]. Mikrobiologiia. 2002 May-Jun;71(3):316-22.

A comparative study of the enzymes of the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) and glyoxylate cycles in the mutant Yarrowia lipolytica strain N1 capable of producing alpha-ketoglutaric acid (KGA) and citric acid showed that almost all enzymes of the TCA cycle are more active under conditions promoting the production of KGA.
The activities of malate dehydrogenase, aconitase, NADP-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase, and fumarase were higher in cells producing KGA than in cells producing citric acid.
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16232477 Arikawa Y, Kobayashi M, Kodaira R, Shimosaka M, Muratsubaki H, Enomoto K, Okazaki M: Isolation of sake yeast strains possessing various levels of succinate- and/or malate-producing abilities by gene disruption or mutation. J Biosci Bioeng. 1999;87(3):333-9.


Sake fermented using the aconitase gene (ACO1) disruptant contained a two-fold higher concentration of malate and a two-fold lower concentration of succinate than that made using the wild-type strain K901.
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16906525 Mailloux RJ, Hamel R, Appanna VD: Aluminum toxicity elicits a dysfunctional TCA cycle and succinate accumulation in hepatocytes. J Biochem Mol Toxicol. 2006;20(4):198-208.


BN-PAGE, SDS-PAGE, and Western blot analyses revealed a marked decrease in activity and expression of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase (KGDH), isocitrate dehydrogenase-NAD+ (IDH), fumarase (FUM), aconitase (ACN), and cytochrome c oxidase (Cyt C Ox). 13C-NMR and HPLC studies further confirmed the disparate metabolism operative in control and Al-stressed cells and provided evidence for the accumulation of succinate in the latter cultures.
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12948633 Gerstmeir R, Wendisch VF, Schnicke S, Ruan H, Farwick M, Reinscheid D, Eikmanns BJ: Acetate metabolism and its regulation in Corynebacterium glutamicum. J Biotechnol. 2003 Sep 4;104(1-3):99-122.


These genes, thus also belonging to the acetate stimulon of C. glutamicum, include genes coding for TCA cycle enzymes (e.g. aconitase and succinate dehydrogenase), for gluconeogenesis (phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase), for glycolysis (pyruvate dehydrogenase E1) and genes coding for proteins with hitherto unknown function.
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20353438 Lemire J, Mailloux R, Auger C, Whalen D, Appanna VD: Pseudomonas fluorescens orchestrates a fine metabolic-balancing act to counter aluminium toxicity. Environ Microbiol. 2010 Mar 25.


To counter the Fe conundrum induced by Al toxicity, Pseudomonas fluorescens utilizes isocitrate lyase and isocitrate dehydrogenase-NADP dependent to metabolize citrate when confronted with an ineffective aconitase provoked by Al stress.
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15158257 Peng L, Arauzo-Bravo MJ, Shimizu K: Metabolic flux analysis for a ppc mutant Escherichia coli based on 13C-labelling experiments together with enzyme activity assays and intracellular metabolite measurements. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 2004 Jun 1;235(1):17-23.


Some TCA cycle enzymes such as citrate synthase, aconitase and malate dehydrogenase were also upregulated, but enzymes of glycolysis and the pentose phosphate pathway were downregulated.
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19953673 Kim BJ, Schneider DJ, Cartinhour SW, Shuler ML: Complex responses to culture conditions in Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 continuous cultures: the role of iron in cell growth and virulence factor induction. Biotechnol Bioeng. 2010 Apr 1;105(5):955-64.


A reduction in aconitase activity (a TCA cycle enzyme) and ATP levels in iron-limited chemostat cultures was observed compared to iron-supplemented chemostat cultures, indicating that iron affects central metabolic pathways.
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12874354 Somerville GA, Said-Salim B, Wickman JM, Raffel SJ, Kreiswirth BN, Musser JM: Correlation of acetate catabolism and growth yield in Staphylococcus aureus: implications for host-pathogen interactions. Infect Immun. 2003 Aug;71(8):4724-32.


Recently, we reported that the prototypical Staphylococcus aureus strain RN6390 (a derivative of NCTC 8325) had significantly reduced aconitase activity relative to a diverse group of S. aureus isolates, leading to the hypothesis that strain RN6390 has impaired tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle-mediated acetate catabolism.
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14559057 Wlodek D, Gonzales M: Decreased energy levels can cause and sustain obesity. J Theor Biol. 2003 Nov 7;225(1):33-44.


The crucial event is the inhibition of the TCA cycle at the step of aconitase.
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15747777 Dote T, Kono K, Usuda K, Shimizu H, Tanimoto Y, Dote E, Hayashi S: Systemic effects and skin injury after experimental dermal exposure to monochloroacetic acid. Toxicol Ind Health. 2003 Oct;19(7-10):165-9.


MCA reportedly enters the TCA cycle and inhibits aconitase.
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17241446 Shlevin L, Regev-Rudzki N, Karniely S, Pines O: Location-specific depletion of a dual-localized protein. Traffic. 2007 Feb;8(2):169-76.


As an example, we fused the yeast tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle enzyme aconitase to a degron sequence (SL17) recognizable by the ubiquitin-proteasome system.
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18836533 Wheatley C: The return of the Scarlet Pimpernel: cobalamin in inflammation II - cobalamins can both selectively promote all three nitric oxide synthases (NOS), particularly iNOS and eNOS, and, as needed, selectively inhibit iNOS and nNOS. J Nutr Environ Med. 2007 Sep;16(3-4):181-211.


The up-regulation of transcobalamins [hitherto posited as indicating a central need for cobalamin (Cbl) in inflammation], whose expression, like inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), is Sp1- and interferondependent, together with increased intracellular formation of glutathionylcobalamin (GSCbl), adenosylcobalamin (AdoCbl), methylcobalamin (MeCbl), may be essential for the timely promotion and later selective inhibition of iNOS and concordant regulation of endothelial and neuronal NOS (eNOS/nNOS.) Cbl may ensure controlled high output of nitric oxide (NO) and its safe deployment, because: (1) Cbl is ultimately responsible for the synthesis or availability of the NOS substrates and cofactors heme, arginine, BH (4) flavin adenine dinucleotide/flavin mononucleotide (FAD/FMN) and NADPH, via the far-reaching effects of the two Cbl coenzymes, methionine synthase (MS) and methylmalonyl CoA mutase (MCoAM) in, or on, the folate, glutathione, tricarboxylic acid (TCA) and urea cycles, oxidative phosphorylation, glycolysis and the pentose phosphate pathway.
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14568143 Makarova KS, Koonin EV: Filling a gap in the central metabolism of archaea: prediction of a novel aconitase by comparative-genomic analysis. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 2003 Oct 10;227(1):17-23.

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19217544 Gupta P, Ghosalkar A, Mishra S, Chaudhuri TK: Enhancement of over expression and chaperone assisted yield of folded recombinant aconitase in Escherichia coli in bioreactor cultures. J Biosci Bioeng. 2009 Feb;107(2):102-7.

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12548706 Tabuchi A, Funaji K, Nakatsubo J, Fukuchi M, Tsuchiya T, Tsuda M: Inactivation of aconitase during the apoptosis of mouse cerebellar granule neurons induced by a deprivation of membrane depolarization. J Neurosci Res. 2003 Feb 15;71(4):504-15.

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17170147 Cherkasov AA, Overton RA Jr, Sokolov EP, Sokolova IM: Temperature-dependent effects of cadmium and purine nucleotides on mitochondrial aconitase from a marine ectotherm, Crassostrea virginica: a role of temperature in oxidative stress and allosteric enzyme regulation. J Exp Biol. 2007 Jan;210(Pt 1):46-55.

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20060926 Gupta P, Mishra S, Chaudhuri TK: Reduced stability and enhanced surface hydrophobicity drive the binding of apo-aconitase with GroEL during chaperone assisted refolding. Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 2010 May;42(5):683-92. Epub 2010 Jan 9.

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15975908 Regev-Rudzki N, Karniely S, Ben-Haim NN, Pines O: Yeast aconitase in two locations and two metabolic pathways: seeing small amounts is believing. Mol Biol Cell. 2005 Sep;16(9):4163-71. Epub 2005 Jun 22.

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17525933 Matheson BK, Adams JL, Zou J, Patel R, Franklin RB: Effect of metabolic inhibitors on ATP and citrate content in PC3 prostate cancer cells. Prostate. 2007 Aug 1;67(11):1211-8.


BACKGROUND: In normal prostate epithelial cells low m-aconitase activity decreases citrate oxidation leading to citrate accumulation.
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16252258 Goncharov NV, Jenkins RO, Radilov AS: Toxicology of fluoroacetate: a review, with possible directions for therapy research. J Appl Toxicol. 2006 Mar-Apr;26(2):148-61.


Fluoroacetate (FA; CH2FCOOR) is highly toxic towards humans and other mammals through inhibition of the enzyme aconitase in the tricarboxylic acid cycle, caused by 'lethal synthesis' of an isomer of fluorocitrate (FC).
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19520720 van Vugt-Lussenburg BM, van der Weel L, Hagen WR, Hagedoorn PL: Identification of two [4Fe-4S]-cluster-containing hydro-lyases from Pyrococcus furiosus. Microbiology. 2009 Sep;155(Pt 9):3015-20. Epub 2009 Jun 11.


Nonetheless, its genome encodes more putative TCA cycle enzymes than the closely related Pyrococcus horikoshii and Pyrococcus abyssi, including an aconitase (PF0201).
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12379717 Somerville GA, Chaussee MS, Morgan CI, Fitzgerald JR, Dorward DW, Reitzer LJ, Musser JM: Staphylococcus aureus aconitase inactivation unexpectedly inhibits post-exponential-phase growth and enhances stationary-phase survival. Infect Immun. 2002 Nov;70(11):6373-82.

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15950872 Shadel GS: Mitochondrial DNA, aconitase 'wraps' it up. Trends Biochem Sci. 2005 Jun;30(6):294-6.

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15942004 Lefebre MD, Flannagan RS, Valvano MA: A minor catalase/peroxidase from Burkholderia cenocepacia is required for normal aconitase activity. Microbiology. 2005 Jun;151(Pt 6):1975-85.

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17384188 Banerjee S, Nandyala AK, Raviprasad P, Ahmed N, Hasnain SE: Iron-dependent RNA-binding activity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis aconitase. J Bacteriol. 2007 Jun;189(11):4046-52. Epub 2007 Mar 23.

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19526285 Mallajosyula JK, Chinta SJ, Rajagopalan S, Nicholls DG, Andersen JK: Metabolic control analysis in a cellular model of elevated MAO-B: relevance to Parkinson's disease. Neurotox Res. 2009 Oct;16(3):186-93. Epub 2009 Mar 5.


MAO-B mediated increases in H (2) O (2) also appeared to result in direct oxidative inhibition of both mitochondrial complex I and aconitase.
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17020548 Denayer S, Matthijs S, Cornelis P: Resistance to vanadium in Pseudomonas fluorescens ATCC 17400 caused by mutations in TCA cycle enzymes. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 2006 Nov;264(1):59-64.


The second mutant had the transposon inserted into acnD, one out of three genes coding for a 2-methyl-isocitrate dehydratase (aconitase).
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17084901 Theil EC: Integrating iron and oxygen/antioxidant signals via a combinatorial array of DNA - (antioxidant response elements) and mRNA (iron responsive elements) sequences. J Inorg Biochem. 2006 Dec;100(12):2074-8. Epub 2006 Sep 23.


Fe (cellular iron), O (dioxygen, antioxidant inducers, hydrogen peroxide), and P (protein phosphorylation) signals combine to regulate DNA activity (transcription/mRNA synthesis) for antioxidant/Phase II response proteins (e.g., ferritin H, ferritin L, thioredoxin reductase I, NAD (P) H quinone oxido-reductase, heme oxygenase1 and beta-globin) and mRNA activity for proteins of iron transport, storage or oxygen metabolism (e.g., ferritin H, ferritin L, transferrin receptor1, ferroportin, mt-aconitase-TCA cycle and aminolevulinate synthase - heme biosynthesis).
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