Protein Information

Name succinate dehydrogenase (protein family or complex)
Synonyms Succinate dehydrogenase; Succinate dehydrogenases

Compound Information

Name TCA
CAS 2,2,2-trichloroacetic acid

Reference List

PubMed Abstract RScore(About this table)
19271267 Meijer S, Otero J, Olivares R, Andersen MR, Olsson L, Nielsen J: Overexpression of isocitrate lyase-glyoxylate bypass influence on metabolism in Aspergillus niger. Metab Eng. 2009 Mar;11(2):107-16.


The effect of malonate, a competitive inhibitor of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), on the physiological behaviour of the cells was investigated.
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15852400 Bubber P, Haroutunian V, Fisch G, Blass JP, Gibson GE: Mitochondrial abnormalities in Alzheimer brain: mechanistic implications. Ann Neurol. 2005 May;57(5):695-703.


Activities of succinate dehydrogenase (complex II) (+44%) and malate dehydrogenase (+54%) were increased (p < 0.01).
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16495757 Sudharsan PT, Mythili Y, Selvakumar E, Varalakshmi P: Lupeol and its ester exhibit protective role against cyclophosphamide-induced cardiac mitochondrial toxicity. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 2006 Feb;47(2):205-10.


A decrease in the activities of TCA cycle enzymes such as succinate dehydrogenase, malate dehydrogenase, and isocitrate dehydrogenase were noted in CP-treated rats.
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19778456 Huang KT, Dobrovic A, Fox SB: No evidence for promoter region methylation of the succinate dehydrogenase and fumarate hydratase tumour suppressor genes in breast cancer. BMC Res Notes. 2009 Sep 25;2:194.


BACKGROUND: Succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) and fumarate hydratase (FH) are tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle enzymes that are also known to act as tumour suppressor genes.
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12631716 McCammon MT, Epstein CB, Przybyla-Zawislak B, McAlister-Henn L, Butow RA: Global transcription analysis of Krebs tricarboxylic acid cycle mutants reveals an alternating pattern of gene expression and effects on hypoxic and oxidative genes. Mol Biol Cell. 2003 Mar;14(3):958-72.


Another set of genes displayed a pairwise, alternating pattern of expression in response to contiguous TCA cycle enzyme defects: expression was elevated in aconitase and isocitrate dehydrogenase mutants, diminished in alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase and succinyl-CoA ligase mutants, elevated again in succinate dehydrogenase and fumarase mutants, and diminished again in malate dehydrogenase and citrate synthase mutants.
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17884808 Smith EH, Janknecht R, Maher LJ 3rd: Succinate inhibition of alpha-ketoglutarate-dependent enzymes in a yeast model of paraganglioma. Hum Mol Genet. 2007 Dec 15;16(24):3136-48. Epub 2007 Sep 19.


The tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle enzyme succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) is a tumor suppressor.
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17349985 Arulkumaran S, Ramprasath VR, Shanthi P, Sachdanandam P: Alteration of DMBA-induced oxidative stress by additive action of a modified indigenous preparation--Kalpaamruthaa. Chem Biol Interact. 2007 Apr 25;167(2):99-106. Epub 2007 Feb 4.


DMBA-treated rats also showed decline in the activities of mitochondrial enzymes such as succinate dehydrogenase, alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, malate dehydrogenase and isocitrate dehydrogenase.
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16906525 Mailloux RJ, Hamel R, Appanna VD: Aluminum toxicity elicits a dysfunctional TCA cycle and succinate accumulation in hepatocytes. J Biochem Mol Toxicol. 2006;20(4):198-208.


BN-PAGE, SDS-PAGE, and Western blot analyses revealed a marked decrease in activity and expression of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase (KGDH), isocitrate dehydrogenase-NAD+ (IDH), fumarase (FUM), aconitase (ACN), and cytochrome c oxidase (Cyt C Ox). 13C-NMR and HPLC studies further confirmed the disparate metabolism operative in control and Al-stressed cells and provided evidence for the accumulation of succinate in the latter cultures.
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15989236 Wang P, Zhuang YP, Chu J, Zhang SL: [Regulatory effects of ammonium ions on the biosynthesis of meilingmycin] . Wei Sheng Wu Xue Bao. 2005 Jun;45(3):405-9.


The results suggest that glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, citrate synthase, succinate dehydrogenase and fatty acid synthase are stimulated by higher concentration of ammonium ions, while valine dehydrogenase and methylmalonyl-CoA carboxyltransferase are inhibited.
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16085348 Mythili Y, Sudharsan PT, Varalakshmi P: dl-alpha-lipoic acid ameliorates cyclophosphamide induced cardiac mitochondrial injury. Toxicology. 2005 Nov 5;215(1-2):108-14. Epub 2005 Aug 8.


A decrease in the activities of TCA cycle enzymes such as succinate dehydrogenase, malate dehydrogenase and isocitrate dehydrogenase was noted in CP treated rats.
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19526285 Mallajosyula JK, Chinta SJ, Rajagopalan S, Nicholls DG, Andersen JK: Metabolic control analysis in a cellular model of elevated MAO-B: relevance to Parkinson's disease. Neurotox Res. 2009 Oct;16(3):186-93. Epub 2009 Mar 5.


In addition to KGDH, we assessed the activities and substrate-mediated respiration of complex I, pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH), succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), and mitochondrial aconitase in the absence and presence of complex-specific inhibitors in specific and mixed substrate conditions in mitochondria from our MAO-B elevated cells versus controls.
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18035723 Vinitskaia AG, Lelevich SV, Lelevich VV, Kozlovskii AV, Doroshenko EM: [GABA metabolism and neuroactive amino acids in the rat brain in morphine withdrawal syndrome]. Biomed Khim. 2007 Jul-Aug;53(4):427-34.


In cerebellum MW led to the decrease in the levels of glutamine and asparagine and increase in glycine level, followed by the GABA-transaminase activation and the succinate dehydrogenase inhibition.
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12948633 Gerstmeir R, Wendisch VF, Schnicke S, Ruan H, Farwick M, Reinscheid D, Eikmanns BJ: Acetate metabolism and its regulation in Corynebacterium glutamicum. J Biotechnol. 2003 Sep 4;104(1-3):99-122.


These genes, thus also belonging to the acetate stimulon of C. glutamicum, include genes coding for TCA cycle enzymes (e.g. aconitase and succinate dehydrogenase), for gluconeogenesis (phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase), for glycolysis (pyruvate dehydrogenase E1) and genes coding for proteins with hitherto unknown function.
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17668068 Mailloux RJ, Beriault R, Lemire J, Singh R, Chenier DR, Hamel RD, Appanna VD: The tricarboxylic acid cycle, an ancient metabolic network with a novel twist. PLoS One. 2007 Aug 1;2(1):e690.


Activities of alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase (KGDH), NAD-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase (NAD-ICDH), and succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) were sharply diminished in the cellular systems exposed to conditions conducive to oxidative stress.
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12841626 Malarkodi KP, Balachandar AV, Varalakshmi P: The influence of lipoic acid on adriamycin induced nephrotoxicity in rats. Mol Cell Biochem. 2003 May;247(1-2):15-22.


Decreased activities of the TCA cycle enzymes isocitrate dehydrogenase, succinate dehydrogenase and malate dehydrogenase, suggest a loss in mitochondrial function and integrity.
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20211125 Karnes HE, Scaletty PN, Durham D: Histochemical and fluorescent analyses of mitochondrial integrity in chick auditory neurons following deafferentation. J Am Acad Audiol. 2010 Mar;21(3):204-18.


Histochemical staining intensities for three mitochondrial enzymes, succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), cytochrome c oxidase (CO), and ATP synthase (ATPase) were measured in individual neurons and compared in ipsilateral and contralateral NM.
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19558969 Meijer S, Otero J, Olivares R, Andersen MR, Olsson L, Nielsen J: Overexpression of isocitrate lyase -- Glyoxylate bypass influence on metabolism in Aspergillus niger. Metab Eng. 2009 Jan 19.


The effect of malonate, a competitive inhibitor of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), on the physiological behaviour of the cells was investigated.
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16232421 Arikawa Y, Kuroyanagi T, Shimosaka M, Muratsubaki H, Enomoto K, Kodaira R, Okazaki M: Effect of gene disruptions of the TCA cycle on production of succinic acid in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Biosci Bioeng. 1999;87(1):28-36.


When cultured in YPD medium containing 15% glucose under aerobic conditions, the KGD1 (alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase) gene disrupted mutant produced a lower level of succinate than the wild-type strain, while the SDH1 (succinate dehydrogenase) gene-disrupted mutant produced an increased level of succinate.
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19448976 Lundstrom P, Lin H, Kay LE: Measuring 13Cbeta chemical shifts of invisible excited states in proteins by relaxation dispersion NMR spectroscopy. J Biomol NMR. 2009 Jul;44(3):139-55. Epub 2009 May 16.


The approach makes use of protein over-expression in a strain of E. coli in which the TCA cycle enzyme succinate dehydrogenase is knocked out, leading to the production of samples with high levels of (13) C enrichment (30-40%) at C (beta) side-chain carbon positions for 15 of the amino acids with little (13) C label at positions one bond removed (approximately 5%).
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20304625 Bayley JP, Devilee P: Warburg tumours and the mechanisms of mitochondrial tumour suppressor genes. Curr Opin Genet Dev. 2010 Mar 19.


Succinate dehydrogenase and fumarate hydratase are mitochondrial proteins of the TCA cycle and the respiratory chain and when mutated lead to tumours of the nervous system known as paragangliomas and pheochromocytomas, and in the case of fumarate hydratase, cutaneous and uterine leiomyomas and renal cell cancer.
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15652751 Selak MA, Armour SM, MacKenzie ED, Boulahbel H, Watson DG, Mansfield KD, Pan Y, Simon MC, Thompson CB, Gottlieb E: Succinate links TCA cycle dysfunction to oncogenesis by inhibiting HIF-alpha prolyl hydroxylase. Cancer Cell. 2005 Jan;7(1):77-85.


These include succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) and fumarate hydratase, both enzymes of the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle.
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20199583 Kamaraj S, Anandakumar P, Jagan S, Ramakrishnan G, Devaki T: Hesperidin attenuates mitochondrial dysfunction during benzo (a) pyrene-induced lung carcinogenesis in mice. Fundam Clin Pharmacol. 2010 Feb 22.


B (a) P (50 mg/kg body weight)-induced mitochondrial abnormalities was evident from alterations in mitochondrial lipid peroxides, antioxidant status (superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, glutathione-S-transferase, reduced glutathione, vitamin E, and vitamin C), major tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle enzyme activities (isocitrate dehydrogenase, succinate dehydrogenase, malate dehydrogenase, alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase), electron transport chain (ETC) complexes activities and ATP levels.
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12358791 Henry PG, Lebon V, Vaufrey F, Brouillet E, Hantraye P, Bloch G: Decreased TCA cycle rate in the rat brain after acute 3-NP treatment measured by in vivo 1H-[13C] NMR spectroscopy. J Neurochem. 2002 Aug;82(4):857-66.


Inhibition of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) by the mitochondrial toxin 3-nitropropionic acid (3-NP) has gained acceptance as an animal model of Huntington's disease.
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17520677 Lehtonen HJ, Makinen MJ, Kiuru M, Laiho P, Herva R, van Minderhout I, Hogendoorn PC, Cornelisse C, Devilee P, Launonen V, Aaltonen LA: Increased HIF1 alpha in SDH and FH deficient tumors does not cause microsatellite instability. Int J Cancer. 2007 Sep 15;121(6):1386-9.


Germline mutations in nuclear genes encoding mitochondrial enzymes fumarate hydratase (FH) and succinate dehydrogenase (subunits SDHB/C/D) have been implicated in the development of tumor syndromes referred to as hereditary leiomyomatosis and renal cell cancer (HLRCC) and hereditary paragangliomatosis (HPGL), respectively.
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18569708 Rajendran P, Ekambaram G, Sakthisekaran D: Effect of mangiferin on benzo (a) pyrene induced lung carcinogenesis in experimental Swiss albino mice. Nat Prod Res. 2008 May 20;22(8):672-80.


Decreased activities of electron transport chain complexes and TCA cycle key enzymes such as isocitrate dehydrogenase (ICDH), succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), malate dehydrogenase (MDH) and alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase (alpha-KGDH), in lung cancer bearing animals were observed.
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15597737 Dymov SI, Meek DJ, Steven B, Driscoll BT: Insertion of transposon Tn5tac1 in the Sinorhizobium meliloti malate dehydrogenase (mdh) gene results in conditional polar effects on downstream TCA cycle genes. Mol Plant Microbe Interact. 2004 Dec;17(12):1318-27.


The mdh:: Tn5tacl insertion eliminated MDH activity under all growth conditions, and activities of succinyl-CoA synthetase, 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase, and succinate dehydrogenase were affected by the addition of IPTG.
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20136350 Muralikrishnan G, Amanullah S, Basha MI, Dinda AK, Shakeel F: Modulating effect of Withania somnifera on TCA cycle enzymes and electron transport chain in azoxymethane-induced colon cancer in mice. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol. 2010 Feb 5.


After the experimental period, the animals were killed and analyzed for TCA cycle key enzymes, such as isocitrate dehydrogenase (ICDH), succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), malate dehydrogenase (MDH), and alpha-keto glutarate dehydrogenase (alpha-KGDH).
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15795514 Favier J, Briere JJ, Strompf L, Amar L, Filali M, Jeunemaitre X, Rustin P, Gimenez-Roqueplo AP: Hereditary paraganglioma/pheochromocytoma and inherited succinate dehydrogenase deficiency. Horm Res. 2005;63(4):171-9. Epub 2005 Mar 24.

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19525346 Weingarten RA, Taveirne ME, Olson JW: The dual-functioning fumarate reductase is the sole succinate:quinone reductase in Campylobacter jejuni and is required for full host colonization. J Bacteriol. 2009 Aug;191(16):5293-300. Epub 2009 Jun 12.


C. jejuni encodes enzymes annotated as a fumarate reductase (Cj0408 to Cj0410) and a succinate dehydrogenase (Cj0437 to Cj0439).
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18086808 Mercado-Lubo R, Gauger EJ, Leatham MP, Conway T, Cohen PS: A Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium succinate dehydrogenase/fumarate reductase double mutant is avirulent and immunogenic in BALB/c mice. Infect Immun. 2008 Mar;76(3):1128-34. Epub 2007 Dec 17.

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20207757 Gaupp R, Schlag S, Liebeke M, Lalk M, Gotz F: Advantage of up-regulation of succinate dehydrogenase in Staphylococcus aureus biofilm. J Bacteriol. 2010 Mar 5.

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17273855 Veit A, Polen T, Wendisch VF: Global gene expression analysis of glucose overflow metabolism in Escherichia coli and reduction of aerobic acetate formation. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2007 Feb;74(2):406-21. Epub 2006 Nov 25.


A correlation analysis identified that expression of ten genes (sdhCDAB, sucB, sucC, acnB, lpdA, fumC and mdh) encoding the TCA cycle enzymes succinate dehydrogenase, alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, succinyl-CoA synthetase, aconitase, fumarase and malate dehydrogenase, respectively, and of the acs-yjcH-actP operon for acetate utilization correlated negatively with acetate formation.
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17325041 MacKenzie ED, Selak MA, Tennant DA, Payne LJ, Crosby S, Frederiksen CM, Watson DG, Gottlieb E: Cell-permeating alpha-ketoglutarate derivatives alleviate pseudohypoxia in succinate dehydrogenase-deficient cells. Mol Cell Biol. 2007 May;27(9):3282-9. Epub 2007 Feb 26.

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12548764 Xin M, Zhou P: [Effect of temperature on the activity of some enzymes representative of EMP pathway and TCA cycle in psychrophilic yeast]. Wei Sheng Wu Xue Bao. 2000 Oct;40(5):518-22.


The results indicated that fructose, 1,6-bisphosphate aldolase, succinate dehydrogenase, and hexokinase in Y18 were very thermolabile and have high activity at low temperature.
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14708972 Pollard PJ, Wortham NC, Tomlinson IP: The TCA cycle and tumorigenesis: the examples of fumarate hydratase and succinate dehydrogenase. Ann Med. 2003;35(8):632-9.

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15337301 Bubber P, Ke ZJ, Gibson GE: Tricarboxylic acid cycle enzymes following thiamine deficiency. . Neurochem Int. 2004 Dec;45(7):1021-8.


Non-thiamine-dependent enzymes such as succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), succinate thiokinase (STH) and malate dehydrogenase (MDH) were altered as much or more than thiamine-dependent enzymes such as the alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex (KGDHC) (-21.5%) and PDHC (-10.5%).
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18366737 Bayley JP, Launonen V, Tomlinson IP: The FH mutation database: an online database of fumarate hydratase mutations involved in the MCUL (HLRCC) tumor syndrome and congenital fumarase deficiency. BMC Med Genet. 2008 Mar 25;9:20.


The identification of FH as a tumor suppressor was an unexpected finding and following the identification of subunits of succinate dehydrogenase in 2000 and 2001, was only the second description of the involvement of an enzyme of intermediary metabolism in tumorigenesis.
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12853322 Scallet AC, Haley RL, Scallet DM, Duhart HM, Binienda ZK: 3-nitropropionic acid inhibition of succinate dehydrogenase (complex II) activity in cultured Chinese hamster ovary cells: antagonism by L-carnitine. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2003 May;993:305-12; discussion 345-9.

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16413626 Mohankumar K, Ramasamy P: Activities of membrane bound phosphatases, transaminases and mitochondrial enzymes in white spot syndrome virus infected tissues of Fenneropenaeus indicus. Virus Res. 2006 Jun;118(1-2):130-5. Epub 2006 Jan 18.


The activities of membrane bound phosphatases (Na (+) K (+) ATPase, Ca (2+) ATPase, Mg (2+) ATPase and Total ATPase), transaminases (alanine transaminase (ALT) and aspartate transaminase (AST)) and mitochondrial enzymes (isocitrate dehydrogenase (ICDH), succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), malate dehydrogenase (MDH), alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase (KGDH), NADH dehydrogenase, cytochrome C oxidase) in WSSV-infected tissues (hemolymph, hepatopancreas, gills and muscle) of Fenneropenaeus indicus were determined at intervals after WSSV infection (0, 24, 48, 72 and after 72 h (moribund)).
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19200357 Cimini D, Patil KR, Schiraldi C, Nielsen J: Global transcriptional response of Saccharomyces cerevisiae to the deletion of SDH3. BMC Syst Biol. 2009 Feb 6;3:17.


The succinate dehydrogenase complex (Sdhp) plays an important role in respiration as it connects the mitochondrial respiratory chain to the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle where it catalyzes the oxidation of succinate to fumarate.
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15881660 Selvendiran K, Thirunavukkarasu C, Singh JP, Padmavathi R, Sakthisekaran D: Chemopreventive effect of piperine on mitochondrial TCA cycle and phase-I and glutathione-metabolizing enzymes in benzo (a) pyrene induced lung carcinogenesis in Swiss albino mice. Mol Cell Biochem. 2005 Mar;271(1-2):101-6.


Lung cancer bearing mice showed a significant decrease in the activities of mitochondrial enzymes-isocitrate dehydrogenase (ICDH), -ketoglutarate dehydrogenase (KDH), succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), malate dehydrogenase (MDH) and significantly increased NADPH-Cytochorome reductase (NADPH-C reductase), cytochrome P450 (cyt-p450) and cytochrome b5 (cyt-b5).
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18951770 Bhatt DK, Bano M: Modulation of tricarboxylic acid cycle dehydrogenases during hepatocarcinogenesis induced by hexachlorocyclohexane in mice. Exp Toxicol Pathol. 2009 Jul;61(4):325-32. Epub 2008 Oct 31.


The activity of TCA cycle enzymes such as isocitrate dehydrogenase (ICDH), succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), and malate dehydrogenase (MDH) have been studied.
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17574827 Buddhan S, Sivakumar R, Dhandapani N, Ganesan B, Anandan R: Protective effect of dietary squalene supplementation on mitochondrial function in liver of aged rats. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 2007 Jun;76(6):349-55. Epub 2007 Jun 15.


The dietary supplementation of 2% squalene significantly minimized aging associated alterations in mitochondrial energy status by maintaining the activities of TCA cycle enzymes (isocitrate dehydrogenase, alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, succinate dehydrogenase and malate dehydrogenase) and respiratory marker enzymes (NADH dehydrogenase and cytochrome-c-oxidase) at higher level in the liver mitochondria of aged rats compared with unsupplemented controls.
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15919137 Savitha S, Sivarajan K, Haripriya D, Kokilavani V, Panneerselvam C: Efficacy of levo carnitine and alpha lipoic acid in ameliorating the decline in mitochondrial enzymes during aging. Clin Nutr. 2005 Oct;24(5):794-800.


METHODS: In the present study we have evaluated the efficacy of carnitine, a mitochondrial metabolite and lipoic acid, a potent antioxidant on the activities of the tri carboxylic acid (TCA) cycle enzymes like succinate dehydrogenase, malate dehydrogenase, alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, Isocitrate dehydrogenase and electron transport complex I-IV in young and aged heart mitochondria.
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18519664 Cervera AM, Apostolova N, Crespo FL, Mata M, McCreath KJ: Cells silenced for SDHB expression display characteristic features of the tumor phenotype. Cancer Res. 2008 Jun 1;68(11):4058-67.


In particular, mutations in the nuclear-encoded subunits of succinate dehydrogenase (SDHB, SDHC, and SDHD) cause paragangliomas and pheochromocytomas.
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16143346 Senthilnathan P, Padmavathi R, Magesh V, Sakthisekaran D: Modulation of TCA cycle enzymes and electron transport chain systems in experimental lung cancer. Life Sci. 2006 Jan 25;78(9):1010-4. Epub 2005 Sep 6.


Decreased activities of TCA cycle key enzymes such as isocitrate dehydrogenase (ICDH), succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), malate dehydrogenase (MDH) and alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase (alpha-KGDH) in lung cancer bearing animals were observed.
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18001705 Veena CK, Josephine A, Preetha SP, Rajesh NG, Varalakshmi P: Mitochondrial dysfunction in an animal model of hyperoxaluria: a prophylactic approach with fucoidan. Eur J Pharmacol. 2008 Jan 28;579(1-3):330-6. Epub 2007 Oct 16.


The tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle enzymes like succinate dehydrogenase, isocitrate dehydrogenase, malate dehydrogenase and respiratory complex enzyme activities were assessed to evaluate mitochondrial function.
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14604472 Arathi G, Sachdanandam P: Therapeutic effect of Semecarpus anacardium Linn. nut milk extract on carbohydrate metabolizing and mitochondrial TCA cycle and respiratory chain enzymes in mammary carcinoma rats. J Pharm Pharmacol. 2003 Sep;55(9):1283-90.


The activities of mitochondrial enzymes isocitrate dehydrogenase, alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, succinate dehydrogenase, malate dehydrogenase, NADH-dehydrogenase and cytochrome C oxidase were significantly lowered in mammary carcinoma-bearing rats when compared with control rats.
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