Protein Information

Name lactate dehydrogenase (protein family or complex)
Synonyms LDH; lactate dehydrogenase; lactate dehydrogenases

Compound Information

Name TCA
CAS 2,2,2-trichloroacetic acid

Reference List

PubMed Abstract RScore(About this table)
16857877 Walsh PJ, Kajimura M, Mommsen TP, Wood CM: Metabolic organization and effects of feeding on enzyme activities of the dogfish shark (Squalus acanthias) rectal gland. J Exp Biol. 2006 Aug;209(Pt 15):2929-38.


Several enzymes showed a large increase in activity post-feeding, including beta-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase in rectal gland and liver, and in rectal gland, isocitrate dehydrogenase, citrate synthase, lactate dehydrogenase, aspartate amino transferase, alanine amino transferase, glutamine synthetase and Na (+)/K (+) ATPase.
2(0,0,0,2) Details
17521432 Laughton JD, Bittar P, Charnay Y, Pellerin L, Kovari E, Magistretti PJ, Bouras C: Metabolic compartmentalization in the human cortex and hippocampus: evidence for a cell- and region-specific localization of lactate dehydrogenase 5 and pyruvate dehydrogenase. BMC Neurosci. 2007 May 23;8:35.

2(0,0,0,2) Details
19002931 Yallop CA, Norby PL, Jensen R, Reinbach H, Svendsen I: Characterisation of G418-induced metabolic load in recombinant CHO and BHK cells: effect on the activity and expression of central metabolic enzymes. Cytotechnology. 2003 Jul;42(2):87-99.


The activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and pyruvate carboxylase in CHO cells was also increased whilst lactate dehydrogenase activity remained unaltered, suggesting an increased flux to the pentose phosphate pathway and TCA cycle, respectively.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
18253497 Lemire J, Mailloux RJ, Appanna VD: Mitochondrial lactate dehydrogenase is involved in oxidative-energy metabolism in human astrocytoma cells (CCF-STTG1). PLoS One. 2008 Feb 6;3(2):e1550.

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19637321 Ma N, Ellet J, Okediadi C, Hermes P, McCormick E, Casnocha S: A single nutrient feed supports both chemically defined NS0 and CHO fed-batch processes: Improved productivity and lactate metabolism. Biotechnol Prog. 2009 Sep-Oct;25(5):1353-63.


Second, Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity fluctuated during the fed-batch process.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
16933615 Xia MS, Hu CH, Zhao WY: [Study on the antibacterial mechanisms of copper-bearing montmorillonite] . Wei Sheng Wu Xue Bao. 2006 Jun 4;46(3):432-5.


The activities of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) of bacteria were examined and the results showed treatment with Cu-MMT could lead to significant release of intracellular enzymes from the tested bacteria suggesting that the permeability of the cell membrane increased and bacteria suffered injury.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
15098932 Malthankar GV, White BK, Bhushan A, Daniels CK, Rodnick KJ, Lai JC: Differential lowering by manganese treatment of activities of glycolytic and tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle enzymes investigated in neuroblastoma and astrocytoma cells is associated with manganese-induced cell death. Neurochem Res. 2004 Apr;29(4):709-17.


In parallel with the Mn-induced, dose-dependent decrease in cell survival, treatment of these cells with 0.01 to 4.0 mM MnCl2 for 48 h also induced dose-related decreases in their activities of hexokinase, pyruvate kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, citrate synthase, and malate dehydrogenase.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
17999340 Celik I, Isik I: Determination of chemopreventive role of Foeniculum vulgare and Salvia officinalis infusion on trichloroacetic acid-induced increased serum marker enzymes lipid peroxidation and antioxidative defense systems in rats. Nat Prod Res. 2008 Jan 10;22(1):66-75.


The chemopreventive potential of the plant infusions were evaluated by measuring levels of serum marker enzymes [aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanin aminotransferase (ALT), creatine phosphokinase (CPK), acid phosphatase (ACP), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)], antioxidant defense systems [Reduced glutathione (GSH), glutathione reductase (GR), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and catalase (CAT)] and lipid peroxidation level (Malondialdehyde = MDA) in various tissues of rats.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
19340598 Kumar V, Sahu NP, Pal AK, Kumar S, Sinha AK, Ranjan J, Baruah K: Modulation of key enzymes of glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, amino acid catabolism, and TCA cycle of the tropical freshwater fish Labeo rohita fed gelatinized and non-gelatinized starch diet. Fish Physiol Biochem. 2009 Apr 2.


A 60-day experiment was conducted to study the effect of dietary gelatinized (G) and non-gelatinized (NG) starch on the key metabolic enzymes of glycolysis (hexokinase, glucokinase, pyruvate kinase, and lactate dehydrogenase), gluconeogenesis (glucose-6 phosphatase and fructose-1,6 bisphosphatase), protein metabolism (aspartate amino transferase and alanine amino transferase), and TCA cycle (malate dehydrogenase) in Labeo rohita juveniles.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
12548706 Tabuchi A, Funaji K, Nakatsubo J, Fukuchi M, Tsuchiya T, Tsuda M: Inactivation of aconitase during the apoptosis of mouse cerebellar granule neurons induced by a deprivation of membrane depolarization. J Neurosci Res. 2003 Feb 15;71(4):504-15.


Suppression of the apoptosis of CGCs mediated by the Ca (2+) influx or neurotrophic factors such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide-38 (PACAP-38) attenuated the aconitase inactivation as well as the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)-release and the decrease in MTT reduction.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
17622976 Celik I, Tuluce Y: Elevation protective role of Camellia sinensis and Urtica dioica infusion against trichloroacetic acid-exposed in rats. Phytother Res. 2007 Nov;21(11):1039-44.


The preventive potential of the plant infusions was evaluated by measuring the level of serum marker enzymes, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), creatine phosphokinase (CPK), acid phosphatase (ACP), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH); antioxidant defense systems, reduced glutathione (GSH), glutathione reductase (GR), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and catalase (CAT); and lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde, MDA) content in various organs of rats.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
12841626 Malarkodi KP, Balachandar AV, Varalakshmi P: The influence of lipoic acid on adriamycin induced nephrotoxicity in rats. Mol Cell Biochem. 2003 May;247(1-2):15-22.


Intravenous injections of adriamycin resulted in decreased activities of the glycolytic enzymes; hexokinase, phosphoglucoisomerase, aldolase and lactate dehydrogenase in the rat renal tissue.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
19560494 Wierckx N, Ruijssenaars HJ, de Winde JH, Schmid A, Blank LM: Metabolic flux analysis of a phenol producing mutant of Pseudomonas putida S12: verification and complementation of hypotheses derived from transcriptomics. J Biotechnol. 2009 Aug 20;143(2):124-9. Epub 2009 Jun 26.


The upregulation of a malate/lactate dehydrogenase encoding gene could be connected to a flux increase from malate to oxaloacetate.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
16614826 Xiao J, Shi Z, Gao P, Feng H, Duan Z, Mao Z: On-line optimization of glutamate production based on balanced metabolic control by RQ. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng. 2006 Jul;29(2):109-17. Epub 2006 Apr 14.

The results of analyzing activities changes of the two key enzymes, glutamate and lactate dehydrogenases involved with the fermentation, and the entire metabolic network flux analysis showed that the lactate overproduction was because the metabolic flux in TCA cycle was too low to balance the glucose glycolysis rate.
As a result, the respiratory quotient (RQ) adaptive control based "balanced metabolic control" (BMC) strategy was proposed and used to regulate the TCA metabolic flux rate at an appropriate level to achieve the metabolic balance among glycolysis, glutamate synthesis, and TCA metabolic flux.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
19484279 Lu S, Eiteman MA, Altman E: pH and base counterion affect succinate production in dual-phase Escherichia coli fermentations. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol. 2009 Aug;36(8):1101-9. Epub 2009 May 30.


Succinate production was studied in Escherichia coli AFP111, which contains mutations in pyruvate formate lyase (pfl), lactate dehydrogenase (ldhA) and the phosphotransferase system glucosephosphotransferase enzyme II (ptsG).
1(0,0,0,1) Details
18533529 Kang YY, Guo SR, Duan JJ: [Effects of root zone hypoxia on respiratory metabolism of cucumber seedlings roots]. Ying Yong Sheng Tai Xue Bao. 2008 Mar;19(3):583-7.


Under root zone hypoxia stress, the decrement of succinic dehydrogenase (SDH) and isocitric dehydrogenase (IDH) activities and the increment of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity and lactate and pyruvate contents were lesser in Lubachun No. 4 than in Zhongnong No. 8 seedlings roots, but conversely, the increment of pyruvate decarboxylase (PDC) and alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) activities and alcohol and alanine contents in Lubachun No. 4 seedlings roots were higher than those in Zhongnong No. 8 seedlings roots.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
12718448 Lai JC, White BK, Buerstatte CR, Haddad GG, Novotny EJ Jr, Behar KL: Chronic hypoxia in development selectively alters the activities of key enzymes of glucose oxidative metabolism in brain regions. Neurochem Res. 2003 Jun;28(6):933-40.


In P10 hypoxic rats, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity in cerebral cortex, striatum, olfactory bulb, hippocampus, hypothalamus, pons and medulla, and cerebellum was significantly increased (by 100%-370%) compared to those in P10 normoxic rats.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
17316901 Morland C, Henjum S, Iversen EG, Skrede KK, Hassel B: Evidence for a higher glycolytic than oxidative metabolic activity in white matter of rat brain. Neurochem Int. 2007 Apr;50(5):703-9. Epub 2007 Jan 20.


White structures had an uptake of [(3) H] 2-deoxyglucose in vivo and activities of hexokinase, glucose-6-phosphate isomerase, and lactate dehydrogenase that were 40-50% of values in parietal cortex.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
16786185 Gnanapragasam A, Yogeeta S, Subhashini R, Ebenezar KK, Sathish V, Devaki T: Adriamycin induced myocardial failure in rats: protective role of Centella asiatica. Mol Cell Biochem. 2007 Jan;294(1-2):55-63. Epub 2006 Jun 20.


Adriamycin (2.5 mg/kg body wt., i.p.) induced mitochondrial damage in rats was assessed in terms of decreased activities (p <0.05) of cardiac marker enzymes (lactate dehydrogenase, creatine phosphokinase, amino transferases), TCA cycle enzymes (isocitrate dehydrogenase, alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, malate dehydrogenase, respiratory marker enzymes (NADH-dehydrogenase, cytochrome-C-oxidase), mitochondrial antioxidant enzymes (GPx, GSH, SOD,CAT) and increased (p <0.05) level of lipid peroxidation.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
12860050 Hassoun EA, Ray S: The induction of oxidative stress and cellular death by the drinking water disinfection by-products, dichloroacetate and trichloroacetate in J774.A1 cells. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol. 2003 Jun;135(2):119-28.


DCA and TCA effects on cellular viability, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release and superoxide anion (SA) production by the cells, as well as superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities of the cells were determined.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
19530278 Dumollard R, Carroll J, Duchen MR, Campbell K, Swann K: Mitochondrial function and redox state in mammalian embryos. . Semin Cell Dev Biol. 2009 May;20(3):346-53.


A high cytosolic lactate dehydrogenase activity coupled with dynamic levels of cytosolic pyruvate is responsible for a very dynamic intracellular redox state in the oocyte and embryo.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
17168740 Herst PM, Berridge MV: Plasma membrane electron transport: a new target for cancer drug development. Curr Mol Med. 2006 Dec;6(8):895-904.


In addition, rho (o) cells that lack mitochondrial electron transport are characterised by elevated PMET presumably to recycle NADH, a role traditionally assumed by lactate dehydrogenase.
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18836533 Wheatley C: The return of the Scarlet Pimpernel: cobalamin in inflammation II - cobalamins can both selectively promote all three nitric oxide synthases (NOS), particularly iNOS and eNOS, and, as needed, selectively inhibit iNOS and nNOS. J Nutr Environ Med. 2007 Sep;16(3-4):181-211.


The up-regulation of transcobalamins [hitherto posited as indicating a central need for cobalamin (Cbl) in inflammation], whose expression, like inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), is Sp1- and interferondependent, together with increased intracellular formation of glutathionylcobalamin (GSCbl), adenosylcobalamin (AdoCbl), methylcobalamin (MeCbl), may be essential for the timely promotion and later selective inhibition of iNOS and concordant regulation of endothelial and neuronal NOS (eNOS/nNOS.) Cbl may ensure controlled high output of nitric oxide (NO) and its safe deployment, because: (1) Cbl is ultimately responsible for the synthesis or availability of the NOS substrates and cofactors heme, arginine, BH (4) flavin adenine dinucleotide/flavin mononucleotide (FAD/FMN) and NADPH, via the far-reaching effects of the two Cbl coenzymes, methionine synthase (MS) and methylmalonyl CoA mutase (MCoAM) in, or on, the folate, glutathione, tricarboxylic acid (TCA) and urea cycles, oxidative phosphorylation, glycolysis and the pentose phosphate pathway.
0(0,0,0,0) Details