Protein Information

Name superoxide dismutase
Synonyms IPO B; Indophenoloxidase B; MNSOD; Manganese superoxide dismutase; Manganese containing superoxide dismutase; Mangano superoxide dismutase; Mn superoxide dismutase; Mn SOD…

Compound Information

Name TCA
CAS 2,2,2-trichloroacetic acid

Reference List

PubMed Abstract RScore(About this table)
12548706 Tabuchi A, Funaji K, Nakatsubo J, Fukuchi M, Tsuchiya T, Tsuda M: Inactivation of aconitase during the apoptosis of mouse cerebellar granule neurons induced by a deprivation of membrane depolarization. J Neurosci Res. 2003 Feb 15;71(4):504-15.


On the other hand, the levels of intracellular glutathione and manganese superoxide dismutase-2 mRNA decreased under the low K (+) condition, supporting a cause for oxidative stress at low K (+) due to a loss of anti-oxidant activity.
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20199583 Kamaraj S, Anandakumar P, Jagan S, Ramakrishnan G, Devaki T: Hesperidin attenuates mitochondrial dysfunction during benzo (a) pyrene-induced lung carcinogenesis in mice. Fundam Clin Pharmacol. 2010 Feb 22.


B (a) P (50 mg/kg body weight)-induced mitochondrial abnormalities was evident from alterations in mitochondrial lipid peroxides, antioxidant status (superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, glutathione-S-transferase, reduced glutathione, vitamin E, and vitamin C), major tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle enzyme activities (isocitrate dehydrogenase, succinate dehydrogenase, malate dehydrogenase, alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase), electron transport chain (ETC) complexes activities and ATP levels.
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17622976 Celik I, Tuluce Y: Elevation protective role of Camellia sinensis and Urtica dioica infusion against trichloroacetic acid-exposed in rats. Phytother Res. 2007 Nov;21(11):1039-44.


The preventive potential of the plant infusions was evaluated by measuring the level of serum marker enzymes, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), creatine phosphokinase (CPK), acid phosphatase (ACP), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH); antioxidant defense systems, reduced glutathione (GSH), glutathione reductase (GR), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and catalase (CAT); and lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde, MDA) content in various organs of rats.
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17578319 Yang ZQ, Yang SF, Yang JQ, Zhou QX, Li SL: Protective effects and mechanism of total coptis alkaloids on a beta 25-35 induced learning and memory dysfunction in rats. Chin J Integr Med. 2007 Mar;13(1):50-4.


Morris Water Maze test was used to assess the impairment of learning and memory; concentration of malondialdehyde (MDA) in cerebral cortex was determined by thiobarbituric acid reactive substance to indicate the level of lipid peroxidation in brain tissues; activity of manganese-superoxide dismutase (Mn-SOD) in cerebral cortex was determined by xanthine-oxidase to indicate the activity of the enzyme; and NF- kappa B protein expression in cerebral cortex was measured by SP immunohistochemistry.
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12860050 Hassoun EA, Ray S: The induction of oxidative stress and cellular death by the drinking water disinfection by-products, dichloroacetate and trichloroacetate in J774.A1 cells. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol. 2003 Jun;135(2):119-28.


DCA and TCA effects on cellular viability, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release and superoxide anion (SA) production by the cells, as well as superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities of the cells were determined.
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17349985 Arulkumaran S, Ramprasath VR, Shanthi P, Sachdanandam P: Alteration of DMBA-induced oxidative stress by additive action of a modified indigenous preparation--Kalpaamruthaa. Chem Biol Interact. 2007 Apr 25;167(2):99-106. Epub 2007 Feb 4.


The hepatic mitochondrial fraction of untreated DMBA rats showed 2.96-fold increase in MDA content when compared to control rats and abnormal changes in the activities/levels of mitochondrial enzymic (superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase) and non-enzymic (glutathione, vitamin C and vitamin E) antioxidants were observed.
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18930810 Gallagher CJ, Ahn K, Knipe AL, Dyer AM, Richie JP Jr, Lazarus P, Muscat JE: Association between haplotypes of manganese superoxide dismutase (SOD2), smoking, and lung cancer risk. Free Radic Biol Med. 2009 Jan 1;46(1):20-4. Epub 2008 Sep 27.

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18337490 Morgan MJ, Lehmann M, Schwarzlander M, Baxter CJ, Sienkiewicz-Porzucek A, Williams TC, Schauer N, Fernie AR, Fricker MD, Ratcliffe RG, Sweetlove LJ, Finkemeier I: Decrease in manganese superoxide dismutase leads to reduced root growth and affects tricarboxylic acid cycle flux and mitochondrial redox homeostasis. Plant Physiol. 2008 May;147(1):101-14. Epub 2008 Mar 12.

2(0,0,0,2) Details
15450858 Hassoun EA, Kini V: Effects of superoxide dismutase and polyclonal tumor necrosis factor-alpha antibodies on chloroacetate-induced cellular death and superoxide anion production by J774.A1 macrophages. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol. 2004 Jun;138(2):113-20.

2(0,0,0,2) Details
18232058 Lee YH, Boelsterli UA, Lin Q, Chung MC: Proteomics profiling of hepatic mitochondria in heterozygous Sod2+/- mice, an animal model of discreet mitochondrial oxidative stress. Proteomics. 2008 Feb;8(3):555-68.


The heterozygous superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2) gene knockout (Sod2+/-) mouse model has been increasingly used in cardiovascular and age research, neurobiology, and pharmacology/toxicology.
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17999340 Celik I, Isik I: Determination of chemopreventive role of Foeniculum vulgare and Salvia officinalis infusion on trichloroacetic acid-induced increased serum marker enzymes lipid peroxidation and antioxidative defense systems in rats. Nat Prod Res. 2008 Jan 10;22(1):66-75.


The chemopreventive potential of the plant infusions were evaluated by measuring levels of serum marker enzymes [aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanin aminotransferase (ALT), creatine phosphokinase (CPK), acid phosphatase (ACP), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)], antioxidant defense systems [Reduced glutathione (GSH), glutathione reductase (GR), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and catalase (CAT)] and lipid peroxidation level (Malondialdehyde = MDA) in various tissues of rats.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
19026447 Naso L, Gonzalez Baro AC, Lezama L, Rojo T, Williams PA, Ferrer EG: Synthesis, chemical speciation and SOD mimic assays of tricarballylic acid-copper (II) and imidazole-tricarballylic acid-copper (II) complexes. J Inorg Biochem. 2009 Feb;103(2):219-26. Epub 2008 Oct 17.

The coordination behavior of copper (II) with tricarballylic acid (H (3) TCA) and imidazole (Imz) is described.
Their in vitro superoxide dismutase-mimetic activities have been tested.
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19298531 Chen DD, Dong YG, Liu D, He JG: Epigallocatechin-3-gallate attenuates cardiac hypertrophy partly via MAPKs signals in hypertensive rats. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 2009 Mar 2.


The activities of total superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase were increased in TCA group, which were blunted by EGCG treatment.
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12584757 Gonzalez R, Andrews BA, Molitor J, Asenjo JA: Metabolic analysis of the synthesis of high levels of intracellular human SOD in Saccharomyces cerevisiae rhSOD 2060 411 SGA122. Biotechnol Bioeng. 2003 Apr 20;82(2):152-69.


The synthesis of human superoxide dismutase (SOD) in batch cultures of a Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain using a glucose-limited minimal medium was studied through metabolic flux analysis.
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17072339 Starczynowski DT, Trautmann H, Pott C, Harder L, Arnold N, Africa JA, Leeman JR, Siebert R, Gilmore TD: Mutation of an IKK phosphorylation site within the transactivation domain of REL in two patients with B-cell lymphoma enhances REL's in vitro transforming activity. Oncogene. 2007 Apr 26;26(19):2685-94. Epub 2006 Oct 30.


REL-S525P has a reduced ability to activate the human manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) promoter in A293 cells; however, the MnSOD protein shows increased expression in REL-S525P-transformed chicken spleen cells as compared to wild-type REL-transformed cells.
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17186376 Vasil ML: How we learnt about iron acquisition in Pseudomonas aeruginosa: a series of very fortunate events. Biometals. 2007 Jun;20(3-4):587-601. Epub 2006 Dec 22.


These include genes encoding proteins required for the sequestration of iron (e.g., bacterioferritins) and genes encoding enzymes (superoxide dismutase) vital to defense against iron catalyzed oxidative stress.
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19905032 Zhang L, Yu C, Vasquez FE, Galeva N, Onyango I, Swerdlow RH, Dobrowsky RT: Hyperglycemia alters the schwann cell mitochondrial proteome and decreases coupled respiration in the absence of superoxide production. J Proteome Res. 2010 Jan;9(1):458-71.


This correlated with a 1.9-fold increase in Mn superoxide dismutase expression, which was confirmed by immunoblot and enzymatic activity assays.
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18338221 Ojima Y, Nishioka M, Taya M: Metabolic alternations in SOD-deficient Escherichia coli cells when cultivated under oxidative stress from photoexcited titanium dioxide. Biotechnol Lett. 2008 Jun;30(6):1107-13. Epub 2008 Mar 13.


Superoxide dismutase (SOD)-deficient Escherichia coli was cultivated under the oxidative stress generated by photoexcited titanium dioxide.
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17574827 Buddhan S, Sivakumar R, Dhandapani N, Ganesan B, Anandan R: Protective effect of dietary squalene supplementation on mitochondrial function in liver of aged rats. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 2007 Jun;76(6):349-55. Epub 2007 Jun 15.


Supplementation with squalene also maintained the mitochondrial antioxidant defense system at higher rate by increasing the level of reduced glutathione and the activities of glutathione-dependent antioxidant enzymes (glutathione peroxidase and glutathione-S-transferase) and antiperoxidative enzymes (superoxide dismutase and catalase) in the liver of young and aged rats.
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16758861 Fedorov DV, Podkopaeva DA, Miroshnichenko ML, Bonch-Osmolovskaia EA, Lebedinskii AV, Grabovich MIu: [Investigation of the catabolism of acetate and peptides in the new anaerobic thermophilic bacterium Caldithrix abyssi]. Mikrobiologiia. 2006 Mar-Apr;75(2):154-9.


The activity of antioxidant enzymes (catalase and superoxide dismutase) was detected.
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