Protein Information

Name PDK1
Synonyms 3 Phosphoinositide dependent protein kinase 1; PDK1; 3 phosphoinositide dependent protein kinase 1 variant; PDK 1; PDPK 1; PDPK1; PDPK1 protein; PRO0461…

Compound Information

Name TCA
CAS 2,2,2-trichloroacetic acid

Reference List

PubMed Abstract RScore(About this table)
16517405 Kim JW, Tchernyshyov I, Semenza GL, Dang CV: HIF-1-mediated expression of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase: a metabolic switch required for cellular adaptation to hypoxia. Cell Metab. 2006 Mar;3(3):177-85.


We found that HIF-1 also actively suppresses metabolism through the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA) by directly trans-activating the gene encoding pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 1 (PDK1).
3(0,0,0,3) Details
16517402 Simon MC: Coming up for air: HIF-1 and mitochondrial oxygen consumption. Cell Metab. 2006 Mar;3(3):150-1.


Two papers in this issue of Cell Metabolism (Kim et al., 2006; Papandreou et al., 2006) demonstrate that HIF-1 also influences mitochondrial function, suppressing both the TCA cycle and respiration by inducing pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 1 (PDK1).
2(0,0,0,2) Details
16517406 Papandreou I, Cairns RA, Fontana L, Lim AL, Denko NC: HIF-1 mediates adaptation to hypoxia by actively downregulating mitochondrial oxygen consumption. Cell Metab. 2006 Mar;3(3):187-97.


However, we find that while HIF-1 stimulates glycolysis, it also actively represses mitochondrial function and oxygen consumption by inducing pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 1 (PDK1).
2(0,0,0,2) Details
17391017 De Palma S, Ripamonti M, Vigano A, Moriggi M, Capitanio D, Samaja M, Milano G, Cerretelli P, Wait R, Gelfi C: Metabolic modulation induced by chronic hypoxia in rats using a comparative proteomic analysis of skeletal muscle tissue. J Proteome Res. 2007 May;6(5):1974-84. Epub 2007 Mar 29.


Up-regulation of the hypoxia markers hypoxia inducible factor 1 (HIF-1alpha) and pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 1 (PDK1) was also observed, suggesting that in vivo adaptation to hypoxia requires an active metabolic switch.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
18937252 Vigano A, Ripamonti M, De Palma S, Capitanio D, Vasso M, Wait R, Lundby C, Cerretelli P, Gelfi C: Proteins modulation in human skeletal muscle in the early phase of adaptation to hypobaric hypoxia. Proteomics. 2008 Nov;8(22):4668-79.


Parenthetically, hypoxia markers such as hypoxia inducible factor 1 alpha (HIF-1alpha) and pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 1 (PDK1) were still at the pre-hypoxia levels, whereas the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), a marker of protein synthesis, was reduced.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
18954447 Huicho L, Xing G, Qualls C, Rivera-Ch M, Gamboa JL, Verma A, Appenzeller O: Abnormal energy regulation in early life: childhood gene expression may predict subsequent chronic mountain sickness. BMC Pediatr. 2008 Oct 27;8:47.


Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 1 (PDK1) and HIF prolyl hydroxylase 3 (HPH3) mRNA expressions were lowest in children of CMS fathers at altitude.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
20352258 Cerretelli P, Gelfi C: Energy metabolism in hypoxia: reinterpreting some features of muscle physiology on molecular grounds. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2010 Mar 30.


In particular, the following variables were assessed: (1) the role of stress response proteins in the maintenance of ROS homeostasis, (2) the activity of the PDK1 gene on the shunting of pyruvate away from the TCA cycle in rodents and in humans, (3) the COX-4/COX-2 ratio in hypoxic rodents, (4) the overall efficiency of oxidative phosphorylation in humans during exercise in hypoxia, (5) some features of muscle mitochondrial autophagy in humans undergoing subchronic and chronic altitude exposure.
1(0,0,0,1) Details