| Name | glutathione S transferase |
|---|---|
| Synonyms | GST class alpha 2; Gst2; GST class alpha; GST class alpha member 2; GST gamma; GSTA 2; GSTA2; GSTA2 2… |
| Name | paraquat |
|---|---|
| CAS | 1,1′-dimethyl-4,4′-bipyridinium |
| PubMed | Abstract | RScore(About this table) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 18436336 | Peixoto FP, Gomes-Laranjo J, Vicente JA, Madeira VM: Comparative effects of the herbicides dicamba, 2,4-D and paraquat on non-green potato tuber calli. J Plant Physiol. 2008 Jul 31;165(11):1125-33. Epub 2008 Apr 23. Paraquat slightly inhibited glutathione S-transferase (GST), whereas 2,4-D and dicamba promoted significant activation. |
81(1,1,1,1) | Details |
| 15907763 | Barata C, Varo I, Navarro JC, Arun S, Porte C: Antioxidant enzyme activities and lipid peroxidation in the freshwater cladoceran Daphnia magna exposed to redox cycling compounds. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol. 2005 Feb;140(2):175-86. Epub 2005 Feb 24. Activities of key antioxidant enzymes including catalase, superoxide dismutase, peroxidase and glutathione S-transferases and levels of lipid peroxidation measured as thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) and lipofucsin pigment content were determined in D. magna juveniles after being exposed to sublethal levels of paraquat, endosulfan, cadmium and for 48 h. |
7(0,0,1,2) | Details |
| 16510128 | Patel S, Singh V, Kumar A, Gupta YK, Singh MP: Status of antioxidant defense system and expression of toxicant responsive genes in striatum of maneb- and paraquat-induced Parkinson's disease phenotype in mouse: mechanism of neurodegeneration. Brain Res. 2006 Apr 7;1081(1):9-18. Epub 2006 Feb 28. The involvement of cytochrome P4502E1 and glutathione S-transferases A4-4 enzymes in the detoxification of several pesticides such as atrazine, fenamirol, organophosphorous insecticide parathion, methoxychlor, diethyl dithiocarbamate and paraquat has been known. |
7(0,0,1,2) | Details |
| 16828145 | Wiegand C, Pehkonen S, Akkanen J, Penttinen OP, Kukkonen JV: Bioaccumulation of paraquat by Lumbriculus variegatus in the presence of dissolved natural organic matter and impact on energy costs, biotransformation and antioxidative enzymes. Chemosphere. 2007 Jan;66(3):558-66. Epub 2006 Jul 7. Bioavailability of paraquat to L. variegates as well as activities of antioxidative enzymes catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POD) and biotransformation enzyme soluble glutathione S-transferase (sGST) were assessed without and in the presence of DNOM. |
6(0,0,1,1) | Details |
| 17569284 | Ray S, Sengupta A, Ray A: Effects of paraquat on anti-oxidant system in rats. Indian J Exp Biol. 2007 May;45(5):432-8. Glutathione reductase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity decreased, whereas the activity of glutathione-S-transferase, peroxidase, catalase and superoxide dismutase increased in paraquat exposure. |
6(0,0,1,1) | Details |
| 14761685 | Engle MR, Singh SP, Czernik PJ, Gaddy D, Montague DC, Ceci JD, Yang Y, Awasthi S, Awasthi YC, Zimniak P: Physiological role of mGSTA4-4, a glutathione S-transferase metabolizing generation and analysis of mGsta4 null mouse. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2004 Feb 1;194(3):296-308. The null mice had a significantly lower survival time than wild-type controls when chronically treated with relatively low doses of paraquat, a finding consistent with a role of mGSTA4-4 in the defense against oxidative stress. |
3(0,0,0,3) | Details |
| 15821868 | Gong H, Jiao Y, Hu WW, Pua EC: Expression of glutathione-S-transferase and its role in plant growth and development in vivo and shoot morphogenesis in vitro. Plant Mol Biol. 2005 Jan;57(1):53-66. Tissues incubated at high temperature or in the presence of exogenous H2O2, HgCl2, 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate, and paraquat upregulated GST expression, whereas was inhibitory. |
2(0,0,0,2) | Details |
| 16128001 | Ruiz-Laguna J, Abril N, Prieto-Alamo MJ, Lopez-Barea J, Pueyo C: Tissue, species, and environmental differences in absolute quantities of murine mRNAs coding for alpha, mu, omega, pi, and theta glutathione S-transferases. Gene Expr. 2005;12(3):165-76. Moreover, quantitations performed examine how the pulmonary steady-state Gst mRNA amounts are affected in M. musculus by paraquat (a generator), and in M. spretus by dwelling at a polluted area. |
2(0,0,0,2) | Details |
| 16195250 | Gong H, Singh SV, Singh SP, Mu Y, Lee JH, Saini SP, Toma D, Ren S, Kagan VE, Day BW, Zimniak P, Xie W: Orphan nuclear receptor pregnane X receptor sensitizes oxidative stress responses in transgenic mice and cancerous cells. Mol Endocrinol. 2006 Feb;20(2):279-90. Epub 2005 Sep 29. In this study we unexpectedly found that the expression of an activated human PXR in transgenic female mice resulted in a heightened sensitivity to paraquat, an oxidative xenobiotic toxicant. Paradoxically, the general expression and activity of glutathione S-transferases, a family of phase II enzymes that detoxify electrophilic and cytotoxic substrates, was also induced in the transgenic mice. |
2(0,0,0,2) | Details |
| 10960169 | Liebau E, Eschbach ML, Tawe W, Sommer A, Fischer P, Walter RD, Henkle-Duhrsen K: Identification of a stress-responsive Onchocerca volvulus glutathione S-transferase (Ov-GST-3) by RT-PCR differential display. Mol Biochem Parasitol. 2000 Jul;109(2):101-10. Oxidative stress was applied with the reagents paraquat, plumbagin and -xanthine oxidase. |
2(0,0,0,2) | Details |
| 14617075 | Smith AP, Nourizadeh SD, Peer WA, Xu J, Bandyopadhyay A, Murphy AS, Goldsbrough PB: Arabidopsis AtGSTF2 is regulated by ethylene and auxin, and encodes a glutathione S-transferase that interacts with flavonoids. Plant J. 2003 Nov;36(4):433-42. We demonstrate that AtGSTF2 expression is also induced by paraquat, and naphthalene (NAA) via a mechanism independent of ethylene perception, as determined by analysis of the ethylene-insensitive etr1 mutant. |
2(0,0,0,2) | Details |
| 14658382 | Yu T, Li YS, Chen XF, Hu J, Chang X, Zhu YG: Transgenic tobacco plants overexpressing cotton glutathione S-transferase (GST) show enhanced resistance to methyl viologen. J Plant Physiol. 2003 Nov;160(11):1305-11. |
2(0,0,0,2) | Details |
| 17907271 | Alias Z, Clark AG: Studies on the glutathione S-transferase proteome of adult Drosophila melanogaster: responsiveness to chemical challenge. Proteomics. 2007 Oct;7(19):3618-28. Treatment with Paraquat (PQ) led to an increase in the total GST activity, as measured with the substrates 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB) and 3,4-dichloro-nitrobenzene (DCNB) and an increase in the relative amounts of the D1, D3, E6 and E7 isoforms. |
1(0,0,0,1) | Details |
| 11178967 | Kim HS, Lee TB, Choi CH: Down-regulation of catalase gene expression in the doxorubicin-resistant AML subline AML-2/DX100. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2001 Feb 16;281(1):109-14. The AML-2/DX100 also showed various levels of resistance to daunorubicin and vincristine but was paradoxically sensitive to peroxide (5-fold), t-butyl hydroperoxide (3-fold), and paraquat (2-fold) when compared to the drug-sensitive parental AML-2 cells (AML-2/WT). We compared the activities of antioxidant enzymes to detoxify reactive species (ROS), including superoxide dismutases, glutathione S-transferase, catalase, glutathione reductase, peroxidase, and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in both AML-2/WT and AML-2/DX100. |
1(0,0,0,1) | Details |
| 12297371 | Petushok N, Gabryelak T, Palecz D, Zavodnik L, Szollosi Varga I, Deer KA: Comparative study of the xenobiotic metabolising system in the digestive gland of the bivalve molluscs in different aquatic ecosystems and in aquaria experiments. Aquat Toxicol. 2002 Nov 13;61(1-2):65-72. Mussels collected from Suszek were also treated (72 h) with various concentrations of dichlorophenol (DCP; 0.1, 0.15, 0.2 ppm) and paraquat (PQ; 1, 5, 10 ppm) in laboratory conditions (aquarium). The activities of glutathione S-transferase (GST) and cytochrome P450 monooxygenase system (NAD (P) H ferricyanide reductase, NAD (P) H cytochrome c reductase), cytochrome P450 content and b (5) in microsomal and cytosolic fractions of digestive gland were investigated. |
1(0,0,0,1) | Details |
| 18755596 | Ahsan N, Lee DG, Lee KW, Alam I, Lee SH, Bahk JD, Lee BH: -induced oxidative stress in rice leaves revealed by proteomic approach. Plant Physiol Biochem. 2008 Dec;46(12):1062-70. Epub 2008 Jul 19. Two-week-old rice leaves were subjected to or a reactive species (ROS) inducing herbicide paraquat, and total soluble proteins were extracted and analyzed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) coupled with matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry (MS) analysis. An increased accumulation of antioxidant enzymes including peroxidase, glutathione S-transferase, thioredoxin h-type, nucleoside diphosphate kinase 1, peroxiredoxin and a superoxide dismutase [Cu-Zn] chloroplast precursor in the -treated sample suggests that a treatment possibly generates oxidative stress in plants. |
1(0,0,0,1) | Details |
| 10740894 | Hathway DE: Toxic action/toxicity. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc. 2000 Feb;75(1):95-127. Covalent chemical reactions with second-order (SN2) kinetics characterize Hg and Cd poisonings, the reactions of organophosphates and phosphonates with acetylcholinesterase and neurotoxic esterase and the reaction sequence whereby Paraquat accepts electrons and generates under aerobic conditions. VC liver-cancer pathogenesis is explicable in terms of the presence of the glutathione S-transferase detoxifying system in hepatocytes and its absence from the fibroblastic elements, and of the VC concentrations reaching the liver by different administrative routes. |
1(0,0,0,1) | Details |
| 18985485 | Ahmad I, Kumar A, Shukla S, Prasad Pandey H, Singh C: The involvement of in maneb- and paraquat-induced oxidative stress in rat polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Free Radic Res. 2008 Oct;42(10):849-62. A significant increase in myeloperoxidase (MPO), superoxide dismutase (SOD), iNOS expression and lipid peroxidation (LPO) was observed in PMNs of MB- and/or PQ-treated animals, while catalase and glutathione S-transferase (GST) activities were attenuated. |
1(0,0,0,1) | Details |
| 12081532 | Mittova V, Tal M, Volokita M, Guy M: Salt stress induces up-regulation of an efficient chloroplast antioxidant system in the salt-tolerant wild tomato species Lycopersicon pennellii but not in the cultivated species. Physiol Plant. 2002 Jul;115(3):393-400. Further support for the above idea was supplied by leaf discs experiments in which pre-exposure of Lpa plants to salt-treatment conferred cross-tolerance to paraquat-induced oxidative stress while increased oxidative damage by paraquat-treatment was found in salt-stressed Lem plants. Increased activities of total superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (APX), monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDHAR), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), phospholipid hydroperoxide peroxidase (PHGPX) and several isoforms of non-specific peroxidases (POD) were found in chloroplasts of salt-treated Lpa plants. |
1(0,0,0,1) | Details |
| 15501432 | Dafre AL, Medeiros ID, Muller IC, Ventura EC, Bainy AC: Antioxidant enzymes and thiol/disulfide status in the digestive gland of the brown mussel Perna perna exposed to lead and paraquat. Chem Biol Interact. 2004 Oct 15;149(2-3):97-105. We were unable to detect an effect of Pb treatment on the enzymes, catalase, glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH), glutathione S-transferase (GST) and glutathione reductase -reductase), which contrasts to the effect of PQ, increasing -reductase and G6PDH, but decreasing GST activity. |
1(0,0,0,1) | Details |
| 12379427 | Stephensen E, Sturve J, Forlin L: Effects of redox cycling compounds on content and activity of -related enzymes in rainbow trout liver. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol. 2002 Nov;133(3):435-42. To study if hepatic levels and/or activities of -related enzymes can act as indicators of oxidative stress in fish, we injected rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) intraperitoneally with paraquat (PQ), (MD), naphthazarin (DHNQ), or beta-naphthoflavone (beta-NF), all known to cause a rise in reactive oxygen species (ROS). After 2 and 5 days of exposure, we measured the activities of hepatic peroxidase (GPox), glutathione S-transferase (GST), gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase (GCS), and glutathione reductase (GR). |
1(0,0,0,1) | Details |
| 10774745 | Choi CH, Kim HS, Kweon OS, Lee TB, You HJ, Rha HS, Jeong JH, Lim DY, Min YD, Kim MS, Chung MH: Reactive species-specific mechanisms of drug resistance in paraquat-resistant acute myelogenous leukemia sublines. Mol Cells. 2000 Feb 29;10(1):38-46. Taken together, these results strongly suggest that increases in levels of metallothionein, glutathione S-transferase, Cu,Zn-SOD and Mn-SOD play important roles in protective mechanisms against toxicity of PQ or ROS in AML cells. |
1(0,0,0,1) | Details |
| 18955149 | Benabdellah K, Merlos MA, Azcon-Aguilar C, Ferrol N: GintGRX1, the first characterized glomeromycotan glutaredoxin, is a multifunctional enzyme that responds to oxidative stress. Fungal Genet Biol. 2009 Jan;46(1):94-103. Epub 2008 Oct 14. By using a yeast expression system, we found that GintGRX1 encodes a multifunctional protein with oxidoreductase, peroxidase and glutathione S-transferase activity. GintGRX1 was transcriptionally regulated by paraquat but not by peroxide. |
1(0,0,0,1) | Details |
| 12428016 | Garreton V, Carpinelli J, Jordana X, Holuigue L: The as-1 promoter element is an oxidative stress-responsive element and activates it via oxidative species. Plant Physiol. 2002 Nov;130(3):1516-26. The activation sequence-1 (as-1)-like element found in the promoter of some glutathione S-transferase (GST) genes, has been previously described as a (SA)- and auxin-responsive element. |
1(0,0,0,1) | Details |
| 15922524 | Hernandez AF, Lopez O, Rodrigo L, Gil F, Pena G, Serrano JL, Parron T, Alvarez JC, Lorente JA, Pla A: Changes in erythrocyte enzymes in humans long-term exposed to pesticides: influence of several markers of individual susceptibility. Toxicol Lett. 2005 Oct 15;159(1):13-21. Changes in erythrocyte delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALA-D) have been reported after exposure to different pesticides, including organophosphates and paraquat. The effects of the combined polymorphism of enzymes involved in the detoxification of pesticides (paraoxonase (PON1), benzoylcholinesterase (BChE), and glutathione S-transferase (GSTM1 and GSTT1)) on the level of the target erythrocyte enzymes were also studied as biomarkers of individual susceptibility. |
1(0,0,0,1) | Details |
| 15520196 | Bae I, Fan S, Meng Q, Rih JK, Kim HJ, Kang HJ, Xu J, Goldberg ID, Jaiswal AK, Rosen EM: BRCA1 induces antioxidant gene expression and resistance to oxidative stress. Cancer Res. 2004 Nov 1;64(21):7893-909. We found that BRCA1 up-regulates the expression of multiple genes involved in the cytoprotective antioxidant response, including glutathione S-transferases, oxidoreductases, and other antioxidant genes. Consistent with these findings, BRCA1 overexpression conferred resistance while BRCA1 deficiency conferred sensitivity to several different oxidizing agents peroxide and paraquat). |
1(0,0,0,1) | Details |
| 16555045 | Tomita M, Okuyama T, Katsuyama H, Ishikawa T: Paraquat-induced gene expression in rat kidney. . Arch Toxicol. 2006 Oct;80(10):687-93. Epub 2006 Mar 23. Expression of six genes had increased significantly by 3 h after the first injection: metallothionein-1 (MT-1), phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, Na/K-transporting ATPase beta1 subunit, oxaloacetic transaminase, glutathione-S-transferase, and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1). |
1(0,0,0,1) | Details |