Protein Information

Name NMDA receptor (protein family or complex)
Synonyms Glutamate [NMDA] receptor; Glutamate [NMDA] receptors; N methyl D aspartate receptor; N methyl D aspartate receptors; NMDA receptor; NMDA receptors

Compound Information

Name paraquat
CAS 1,1′-dimethyl-4,4′-bipyridinium

Reference List

PubMed Abstract RScore(About this table)
12763259 Shimizu K, Matsubara K, Ohtaki K, Fujimaru S, Saito O, Shiono H: Paraquat induces long-lasting dopamine overflow through the excitotoxic pathway in the striatum of freely moving rats. Brain Res. 2003 Jun 27;976(2):243-52.

The toxic mechanism of paraquat involves glutamate induced activation of non-NMDA receptors, resulting in activation of NMDA receptor-channels.
81(1,1,1,1) Details
16081500 Tauskela JS, Brunette E, O'Reilly N, Mealing G, Comas T, Gendron TF, Monette R, Morley P: An alternative Ca2+-dependent mechanism of neuroprotection by the metalloporphyrin class of superoxide dismutase mimetics. FASEB J. 2005 Oct;19(12):1734-6. Epub 2005 Aug 4.

Results from paraquat toxicity, intracellular fluorescence quenching, electrophysiology, mitochondrial Ca2+, and spontaneous synaptic activity experiments suggest a model in which metalloporphyrins, acting at the plasma membrane, protect neurons against OGD by suppressing postsynaptic NMDA receptor-mediated Ca2+ rises, thereby indirectly preventing accumulation of neurotoxic mitochondrial Ca2+ levels.
31(0,1,1,1) Details
10889461 Said SI, Pakbaz H, Berisha HI, Raza S: NMDA receptor activation: critical role in oxidant tissue injury. Free Radic Biol Med. 2000 Apr 15;28(8):1300-2.

We report that NMDA receptor blocker MK-801 (dizocilpine maleate) attenuated oxidant injury induced by paraquat or by xanthine oxidase.
8(0,0,1,3) Details
11520895 Li QY, Pedersen C, Day BJ, Patel M: Dependence of excitotoxic neurodegeneration on mitochondrial aconitase inactivation. J Neurochem. 2001 Aug;78(4):746-55.


OGD-induced mitochondrial aconitase inactivation and cell death was inhibited by manganese tetrakis (4-benzoic acid) porphyrin (MnTBAP), manganese tetrakis (N-ethylpyridinium-2-yl) porphyrin (MnTE-2-PyP) and NMDA receptor antagonists.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
17227436 Goracke-Postle CJ, Overland AC, Stone LS, Fairbanks CA: Agmatine transport into spinal nerve terminals is modulated by polyamine analogs. J Neurochem. 2007 Jan;100(1):132-41.

The polyamine analogs paraquat and methylglyoxal bis (guanylhydrazone) inhibited, whereas the polyamine transport enhancer difluoromethylornithine increased, [(3) H] agmatine transport.
Agmatine (decarboxylated arginine) is an endogenous amine found in the CNS that antagonizes NMDA receptors and inhibits nitric oxide synthase.
1(0,0,0,1) Details