Protein Information

Name hormone receptor
Synonyms Early response protein NAK1; GFRP 1; GFRP1; Growth factor inducible nuclear protein N10; Growth factor response protein 1; HMR; Hormone receptor; N10…

Compound Information

Name vinclozolin
CAS 3-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-5-ethenyl-5-methyl-2,4-oxazolidinedione

Reference List

PubMed Abstract RScore(About this table)
15483189 Sonneveld E, Jansen HJ, Riteco JA, Brouwer A, van der Burg B: Development of androgen- and estrogen-responsive bioassays, members of a panel of human cell line-based highly selective steroid-responsive bioassays. Toxicol Sci. 2005 Jan;83(1):136-48. Epub 2004 Oct 13.

This cell line was characterized by its stable expression of AR protein, its highly selective response to low levels of different natural and synthetic androgens, and its insignificant response to other nuclear hormone receptor ligands such as estrogens, progestins, and glucocorticoids.
Flutamide, cyproterone acetate, and the environmental contaminants vinclozolin, DDT, methoxychlor, its metabolite HPTE, and penta-BFR showed clear antagonistic activity in the AR CALUX bioassay, competitively inhibiting DHT-mediated transactivation.
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8845038 Laws SC, Carey SA, Kelce WR, Cooper RL, Gray LE Jr: Vinclozolin does not alter progesterone receptor (PR) function in vivo despite inhibition of PR binding by its metabolites in vitro. Toxicology. 1996 Sep 2;112(3):173-82.

As steroid hormone receptors exhibit promiscuity in their ability to bind different ligands, the present study evaluated the ability of these vinclozolin metabolites to bind to the estrogen (ER) and progesterone (PR) receptors in vitro, and to alter ER and PR function following in vivo exposure.
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9699867 Sonnenschein C, Soto AM: An updated review of environmental estrogen and androgen mimics and antagonists. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 1998 Apr;65(1-6):143-50.

Recent studies identified antiandrogenic activity in environmental chemicals such as vinclozolin, a fungicide, and DDE, and insecticide.
The endocrine and reproductive effects of these chemicals are believed to be due to their ability to: (1) mimic the effect of endogenous hormones, (2) antagonize the effect of endogenous hormones, (3) disrupt the synthesis and metabolism of endogenous hormones, and (4) disrupt the synthesis and metabolism of hormone receptors.
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11861974 Wilson VS, Bobseine K, Lambright CR, Gray LE Jr: A novel cell line, MDA-kb2, that stably expresses an androgen- and glucocorticoid-responsive reporter for the detection of hormone receptor agonists and antagonists. Toxicol Sci. 2002 Mar;66(1):69-81.

In addition, known AR antagonists, including hydroxyflutamide, vinclozolin, vinclozolin metabolites M1 and M2, p,p'-DDE, and linuron inhibited DHT-induced luciferase gene expression at appropriate concentrations in this system.
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17449096 Villeneuve DL, Ankley GT, Makynen EA, Blake LS, Greene KJ, Higley EB, Newsted JL, Giesy JP, Hecker M: Comparison of fathead minnow ovary explant and H295R cell-based steroidogenesis assays for identifying endocrine-active chemicals. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2007 Sep;68(1):20-32. Epub 2007 Apr 20.

Further characterization of autoregulatory capacities, interaction of steroid-hormone receptor pathways with steroidogenesis, and metabolic capabilities of each system are needed for either system to provide clear and informative insights regarding a chemical's mechanism of action.
Six chemicals, including one selective aromatase inhibitor (fadrozole), four fungicides (fenarimol, ketoconazole, prochloraz, and vinclozolin), and one herbicide (prometon), were tested in both the H295R steroidogenesis assay, and an in vitro steroidogenesis assay using fathead minnow ovary explants.
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