Protein Information

Name glutathione reductase
Synonyms GLUR; GR; GRD 1; GRD1; GRase; GSR; Glutathione reductase; GRases…

Compound Information

Name lindane
CAS (1α,2α,3β,4α,5α,6β)-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexachlorocyclohexane

Reference List

PubMed Abstract RScore(About this table)
10817630 Videla LA, Arisi AC, Fuzaro AP, Koch OR, Junqueira VB: Prolonged phenobarbital pretreatment abolishes the early oxidative stress component induced in the liver by acute lindane intoxication. Toxicol Lett. 2000 Apr 10;115(1):45-51.

These changes were observed in the absence of changes in either microsomal functions (cytochrome P450 content, NADPH-dependent superoxide radical production, and NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase or NADPH oxidase activities) or in oxidative stress-related enzymatic activities (superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, and glutathione-S-transferases), over control values.
2(0,0,0,2) Details
8882386 Descampiaux B, Leroux JM, Peucelle C, Erb F: Assay of free-radical toxicity and antioxidant effect on the Hep 3B cell line: a test survey using lindane. Cell Biol Toxicol. 1996 Feb;12(1):19-28.

The content of reduced glutathione and of glutathione disulfide as well as the activities of glutathione reductase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione S-transferases, catalase and superoxide dismutases were determined in human hepatoma Hep 3B cells in relation to free-radical toxicity in order to appreciate the defense capacities of these cells compared to data on normal hepatocytes.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
18389491 Ahmed RS, Suke SG, Seth V, Chakraborti A, Tripathi AK, Banerjee BD: Protective effects of dietary ginger (Zingiber officinales Rosc.) on lindane-induced oxidative stress in rats. Phytother Res. 2008 Jul;22(7):902-6.

Concomitant dietary feeding of ginger (1%w/w) significantly attenuated lindane-induced lipid peroxidation, accompanied by modulation of OFR scavenging enzymes as well as reduced glutathione (GSH) and the GSH dependent enzymes glutathione peroxidase (Gpx), glutathione reductase (GR) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) in these rats.
81(1,1,1,1) Details
7512143 Junqueira VB, Bainy AC, Arisi AC, Azzalis LA, Simizu K, Pimentel R, Barros SB, Videla LA: Acute lindane intoxication: a study on lindane tissue concentration and oxidative stress-related parameters in liver and erythrocytes. J Biochem Toxicol. 1994 Feb;9(1):9-15.

Concomitantly, liver glutathione content and the activity of glutathione peroxidase-glutathione reductase couple were augmented by lindane treatment, without any change in superoxide dismutase activity, together with a reduction in that of catalase.
81(1,1,1,1) Details
7692623 Junqueira VB, Barros SB, Simizu K, Fernandez V, Carrion Y, Pimentel R, Azzalis LA, Videla LA: Turnover of hepatic glutathione after acute lindane intoxication. Toxicol Lett. 1993 Aug;69(2):211-6.

At these experimental times, the activities of glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, glutathione-S-transferases and gamma-glutamyltransferase in the liver of lindane-treated rats and control animals were comparable.
6(0,0,1,1) Details
15620088 Sheweita SA: Carcinogen-metabolizing enzymes and insecticides. J Environ Sci Health B. 2004;39(5-6):805-18.

In addition, the activity of glutathione S-transferase (GST), glutathione reductase (GR), and the level of glutathione (GSH) were determined in the liver of male mice after oral administration of sumithion, dursban, chlordane, methoxychlor, heptachlor epoxide, and lindane as single (24h) or as repeated doses for six consecutive days.
6(0,0,1,1) Details
11561191 Chitra KC, Sujatha R, Latchoumycandane C, Mathur PP: Effect of lindane on antioxidant enzymes in epididymis and epididymal sperm of adult rats. Asian J Androl. 2001 Sep;3(3):205-8.

Significant decreases in the superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, glutathione reductase and glutathione peroxidase activities and significant increases in the H2O2 generation and lipid peroxidation were also observed in the epididymis and epididymal sperm of lindane-treated rats.
6(0,0,1,1) Details
17761640 Trivedi NP, Rawal UM, Patel BP: Hepatoprotective effect of andrographolide against hexachlorocyclohexane-induced oxidative injury. Integr Cancer Ther. 2007 Sep;6(3):271-80.


Glutathione (GSH), glutathione-s-transferase (GST), glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (gamma-GTP), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and lipid peroxidation (LPO) are studied by spectrophotometric methods.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
11404799 Sujatha R, Chitra KC, Latchoumycandane C, Mathur PP: Effect of lindane on testicular antioxidant system and steroidogenic enzymes in adult rats. Asian J Androl. 2001 Jun;3(2):135-8.

There was a significant decline in the activities of antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase and glutathione reductase while an increase in hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) generation was observed.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
1708174 Barros SB, Simizu K, Junqueira VB: Liver lipid peroxidation-related parameters after short-term administration of hexachlorocyclohexane isomers to rats. Toxicol Lett. 1991 Apr;56(1-2):137-44.


Other parameters studied were liver glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase and catalase (CAT) activities.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
17123163 Anilakumar KR, Khanum F, Santhanam K: Amelioration of hexachlorocyclohexane-induced oxidative stress by amaranth leaves in rats. Plant Foods Hum Nutr. 2006 Dec;61(4):169-73.


Feeding of AL at 10% level increased the hepatic glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PDH) activity while that at 20% level increased the hepatic glutathione reductase (GSSGR) as well, in addition to G-6-PDH.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
10350190 Samanta L, Sahoo A, Chainy GB: Age-related changes in rat testicular oxidative stress parameters by hexachlorocyclohexane. Arch Toxicol. 1999 Mar;73(2):96-107.


Testicular glutathione peroxidase (GPx; total and non-selenium-dependent) activity was enhanced in both the age-groups of rats while the testicular glutathione content as well as glutathione reductase activity remained unaltered.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
16838206 Wang F, Xu ZR, Sun JH: Effect of HCH contamination of diet on the growth performance and immune and antioxidant ability in growing/finishing pigs. Vet Res Commun. 2006 Aug;30(6):645-54.


Addition of HCH to feedstuff reduced superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione S-transferase (GST), glutathione reductase (GR) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities in liver, reduced serum catalase (CAT) activity, and increased serum malondialehyde (MDA).
1(0,0,0,1) Details
12487730 Garcia-Fernandez AJ, Bayoumi AE, Perez-Pertejo Y, Romero D, Ordonez C, Reguera RM, Balana-Fouce R, Ordonez D: Changes in glutathione-redox balance induced by hexachlorocyclohexane and lindane in CHO-K1 cells. Xenobiotica. 2002 Nov;32(11):1007-16.

The sulphur-redox cycle enzymes glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase and glutathione S-transferase, and total and oxidized glutathione were evaluated at several points during the standard growth curve of the cultures. 2.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
16046044 Srivastava A, Shivanandappa T: Hexachlorocyclohexane differentially alters the antioxidant status of the brain regions in rat. Toxicology. 2005 Oct 15;214(1-2):123-30.


Activities of glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, glutathione-S-transferase and catalase were markedly induced whereas superoxide dismutase was inhibited at higher dose in all the brain regions.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
10790496 Sahoo A, Samanta L, Chainy GB: Mediation of oxidative stress in HCH-induced neurotoxicity in rat. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol. 2000 Jul;39(1):7-12.


Activity of glutathione reductase and content of ascorbic acid, however, were enhanced following the pesticide exposure.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
9704597 Sahoo A, Chainy GB: Acute hexachlorocyclohexane-induced oxidative stress in rat cerebral hemisphere. Neurochem Res. 1998 Aug;23(8):1079-84.


In contrast, glutathione reductase activity was elevated till 24 h after a fall at 6 h of pesticide exposure.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
7521977 Arisi AC, Simizu K, Kogake M, Bainy AC, Silva MA, Barros SB, Boveris A, Videla LA, Junqueira VB: Brain and liver lipid peroxidation levels following acute and short-term lindane administration in the rat. Toxicol Lett. 1994 Oct;74(1):61-8.

0(0,0,0,0) Details
11349524 Trivedi NP, Rawal UM: Hepatoprotective and antioxidant property of Andrographis paniculata (Nees) in BHC induced liver damage in mice. Indian J Exp Biol. 2001 Jan;39(1):41-6.


Administration of AP showed protective effects in the activity of superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase as well the level of glutathione.
1(0,0,0,1) Details