Protein Information

Name albumin
Synonyms ALB; Albumin; PRO0883; PRO0903; PRO1341; PRO1708; PRO2044; PRO2619…

Compound Information

Name carbon tetrachloride
CAS tetrachloromethane

Reference List

PubMed Abstract RScore(About this table)
16049339 Sharma AD, Cantz T, Richter R, Eckert K, Henschler R, Wilkens L, Jochheim-Richter A, Arseniev L, Ott M: Human cord blood stem cells generate human cytokeratin 18-negative hepatocyte-like cells in injured mouse liver. Am J Pathol. 2005 Aug;167(2):555-64.

Liver regeneration was induced by carbon tetrachloride injury with and without subsequent hepatocyte growth factor treatment.
These cells expressed human albumin and Hep Par 1 but mouse CK18, suggesting the formation of chimeric hepatocyte-like cells.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
16501603 Ma W, Xia X, Stafford LJ, Yu C, Wang F, LeSage G, Liu M: Expression of GCIP in transgenic mice decreases susceptibility to chemical hepatocarcinogenesis. Oncogene. 2006 Jul 13;25(30):4207-16. Epub 2006 Feb 27.

To examine whether the newly identified HLH protein GCIP/CCNDBP1 modulates cell fate determination and plays a role in hepatocyte growth, proliferation, and hepatocarcinogenesis, we generated transgenic mice with human GCIP gene driven by a liver-specific albumin promoter.
We demonstrated that in GCIP transgenic mice, the overall liver growth and regeneration occurred normally after liver injury induced by carbon tetrachloride (CCl4).
1(0,0,0,1) Details
19060448 Mamiya T, Katsuoka F, Hirayama A, Nakajima O, Kobayashi A, Maher JM, Matsui H, Hyodo I, Yamamoto M, Hosoya T: Hepatocyte-specific deletion of heme oxygenase-1 disrupts redox homeostasis in basal and oxidative environments. Tohoku J Exp Med. 2008 Dec;216(4):331-9.

To elucidate roles HO-1 plays in vivo, hepatocyte-specific conditional knockout (CKO) mice of HO-1 gene were generated by site-specific recombination using albumin-promoter-driven Cre-loxP system.
HO-1 CKO mice were susceptible to carbon tetrachloride hepatotoxicity.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
20005281 Fang B, Luo S, Song Y, Li N, Li H, Zhao RC: Intermittent dosing of G-CSF to ameliorate carbon tetrachloride-induced liver fibrosis in mice. Toxicology. 2010 Mar 30;270(1):43-8. Epub 2009 Dec 11.

Immunofluorescence and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis revealed that donor cells engrafted into host liver, had epithelium-like morphology and expressed albumin, although at low frequency.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
18306757 Li XR, Wang LJ, Li YH, Xu YX, Chen Y, Ruan JX, Xue M: [Effect of Danxiongfang and its components on experimental liver injury models induced by CCl4 in mice]. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. 2007 Oct;32(20):2177-81.


RESULT: The results show Danxiongfang can inhibit obviously the abnormal increase of ALT, AST in serum and MDA in liver, enhance SOD activity in liver, total protein, albumin, globulin in serum, and decrease liver pathological changes, which suggests Danxiongfang can protect injured liver induced by CCl4.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
18801073 Zhao XY, Wang BE, Li XM, Wang TL: Newly proposed fibrosis staging criterion for assessing carbon tetrachloride- and albumin complex-induced liver fibrosis in rodents. Pathol Int. 2008 Sep;58(9):580-8.
112(1,2,2,2) Details
19413596 Zhao XY, Zeng X, Li XM, Wang TL, Wang BE: Pirfenidone inhibits carbon tetrachloride- and albumin complex-induced liver fibrosis in rodents by preventing activation of hepatic stellate cells. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 2009 Oct;36(10):963-8. Epub 2009 Apr 27.
83(1,1,1,3) Details
19056764 Kamada Y, Yoshida Y, Saji Y, Fukushima J, Tamura S, Kiso S, Hayashi N: Transplantation of basic fibroblast growth factor-pretreated adipose tissue-derived stromal cells enhances regression of liver fibrosis in mice. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2009 Feb;296(2):G157-67. Epub 2008 Dec 4.

In the in vivo study, ADSC isolated from green fluorescent protein-transgenic mice were transplanted into carbon tetrachloride-injured C57BL6/J mice liver. bFGF-treated ADSC expressed several liver-specific marker genes and demonstrated liver-related functions such as albumin secretion, glycogen synthesis, urea production, and low-density lipoprotein uptake.
82(1,1,1,2) Details
20184502 Ren H, Zhao Q, Cheng T, Lu S, Chen Z, Meng L, Zhu X, Yang S, Xing W, Xiao Y, Ren Q, Chi Y, Gu D, Yang R, Han ZC: No contribution of umbilical cord mesenchymal stromal cells to capillarization and venularization of hepatic sinusoids accompanied by hepatic differentiation in carbon tetrachloride-induced mouse liver fibrosis. Cytotherapy. 2010 Feb 26.

Human-specific alpha-fetoprotein and albumin mRNA and proteins were detected in CCl (4)-treated mouse livers receiving human UC MSC transplants.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
16700327 Ochenashko OV, Volkova NA, Mazur SP, Somov AY, Fuller BJ, Petrenko AY: Cryopreserved fetal liver cell transplants support the chronic failing liver in rats with CCl4-induced cirrhosis. Cell Transplant. 2006;15(1):23-33.

The aim of this work was to test the efficacy of human fetal liver cells to support the chronic failing liver in an experimental model of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced cirrhosis in rats.
Cell transplantation into the spleen normalized total bilirubin and TBARSs levels and increased albumin levels in blood serum, as well as restoring mitochondrial function and liver detoxification function (assessed by cytochrome P450 contents and activity) compared with the activities seen in the cirrhosis control group.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
18418968 Chen Y, Tao YY, Li FH, et al: [Effects of Danggui Buxue Decoction on liver fibrosis and hepatic lipid peroxidation in rats]. Zhongguo Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Za Zhi. 2008 Jan;28(1):39-42.

METHODS: Liver fibrosis model was established in 28 rats by the combination of injecting carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) subcutaneously and feeding high lipid and low protein diet.
The inflammation and fatty degeneration in rat liver tissues were examined with HE staining; the collagen deposition observed with sirius red; the liver function including serum level of alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), albumin (Alb) and total bilirubin (TBil) were determined using corresponding test kits; the hepatic lipid peroxidation indexes, including triglyceride (TG), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and malondialdehyde (MDA) were measured by biochemical methods; the hepatic hydroxyproline (Hyp) content was detected with Jamall's method and the expression of collagen type I was analyzed by Western blotting.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
19080687 Sun C, Li DG, Chen YW, Chen YW, Wang BC: [Effects of gene-transfected bone marrow-derived liver stem cell transplantation on accumulation of extracellular matrix in rats with liver fibrosis]. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi. 2008 Oct 21;88(38):2685-9.

Twenty-seven female rats were randomly divided into 3 equal groups to undergo subcutaneous injection of carbon tetrachloride to establish liver fibrosis models and then randomly divided into 3 equal groups: model group injected with normal saline via caudal vein, BDLSC group injected with 2 x 10 (6) BDLSCs via caudal vein, and BDLSC-uPA group injected with 2 x 10 (6) AduPA-transfected BDLSCs.
Eight weeks later the serum levels of alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), total bilirubin (TBIL), albumin (ALB), and ECM levels, i.e., hyaluronic acid, laminin (LN), and procollagen III (PC III), were detected.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
20182823 Piryaei A, Valojerdi MR, Shahsavani M, Baharvand H: Differentiation of Bone Marrow-derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells into Hepatocyte-like Cells on Nanofibers and Their Transplantation into a Carbon Tetrachloride-Induced Liver Fibrosis Model. Stem Cell Rev. 2010 Feb 25.

Urea production, secretion of albumin and alpha-fetoprotein, and metabolic activity of the CYP450 enzymes were significantly increased within in vitro differentiated HLCs on nanofibers at day 36.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
20192593 Poojari R, Gupta S, Maru G, Khade B, Bhagwat S: Sida rhombifolia ssp. retusa Seed Extract Inhibits DEN Induced Murine Hepatic Preneoplasia and Carbon Tetrachloride Hepatotoxicity. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2009;10(6):1107-12.

Depleted glutathione, protein and albumin levels were restored.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
15730626 Li Y, Li Y, Liu GT: [Protective effects of bicyclol on liver fibrosis induced by carbon tetrachloride]. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi. 2004 Dec 17;84(24):2096-101.

RESULTS: Three months after the administration of carbon tetrachloride the serum ALT, AST, TB, HA, and PIIIP levels of the CCl (4) model group increased by 24, 10, 8, 28, and 4 times and the levels of albumin and A/G decreased significantly in comparison with those of the normal control group.
8(0,0,1,3) Details
17078107 Wu JB, Lin WL, Hsieh CC, Ho HY, Tsay HS, Lin WC: The hepatoprotective activity of kinsenoside from Anoectochilus formosanus. Phytother Res. 2007 Jan;21(1):58-61.

Carbon tetrachloride (CCl (4)) causes chronic hepatitis, featuring an increase in hepatic hydroxyproline, spleen weight and serum GPT levels and a decrease in plasma albumin levels.
6(0,0,1,1) Details
18093227 Ikeda E, Yagi K, Kojima M, Yagyuu T, Ohshima A, Sobajima S, Tadokoro M, Katsube Y, Isoda K, Kondoh M, Kawase M, Go MJ, Adachi H, Yokota Y, Kirita T, Ohgushi H: Multipotent cells from the human third molar: feasibility of cell-based therapy for liver disease. Differentiation. 2008 May;76(5):495-505. Epub 2007 Dec 17.

TGPCs were examined by the transplantation into a carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-treated liver injured rat to determine whether this novel cell source might be useful for cell-based therapy to treat liver diseases.
Furthermore, the liver functions, observed by the levels of serum bilirubin and albumin, appeared to be improved following transplantation of TGPCs.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
16781709 Corcelle V, Stieger B, Gjinovci A, Wollheim CB, Gauthier BR: Characterization of two distinct liver progenitor cell subpopulations of hematopoietic and hepatic origins. Exp Cell Res. 2006 Sep 10;312(15):2826-36. Epub 2006 May 19.


Cells formed clusters which expressed c-kit, Thy1 and albumin.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
19703545 Wu YH, Zhang XM, Hu MH, Wu XM, Zhao Y: Effect of Laggera alata on hepatocyte damage induced by carbon tetrachloride in vitro and in vivo. J Ethnopharmacol. 2009 Oct 29;126(1):50-6. Epub 2009 Aug 22.

TPLA markedly decreased the serum AST and ALT levels of the mice, the levels of AST, ALT, total protein, albumin, and sialic acid in rat serum, and the hydroxyproline level in rat liver.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
16964416 Qian H, Wang J, Wang S, Gong Z, Chen M, Ren Z, Huang S: In utero transplantation of human hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells partially repairs injured liver in mice. Int J Mol Med. 2006 Oct;18(4):633-42.

The aim of this study is to establish a novel mouse model with high achievement and chimerism by in utero transplantation of human hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells and to explore the possibility that human adult hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells can differentiate into hepatocyte-like cells and partially repair the liver damage induced by carbon tetrachloride (CCl (4)).
The biochemical markers (ALT, AST, ALP, albumin) in serum were determined and human hepatocyte-specific proteins, such as human albumin, hepatocyte nuclear factor-4, hepatocyte-specific antigen, tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase and alpha fetoprotein were analyzed by PCR, RT-PCR, real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry staining, respectively.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
19761824 Wang L, Cheng D, Wang H, Di L, Zhou X, Xu T, Yang X, Liu Y: The hepatoprotective and antifibrotic effects of Saururus chinensis against carbon tetrachloride induced hepatic fibrosis in rats. J Ethnopharmacol. 2009 Dec 10;126(3):487-91. Epub 2009 Sep 15.

Evaluated with liver index, serum levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), hyaluronic acid (HA), hepatic malondialdehyde (MDA) content, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), total lipoprotein (TP), albumin (ALB), hydroxyproline (HYP), total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), laminin (LN), type III collagen terminal peptide (PC-IIINP), and type IV collagen (IV-C), as well as with histopathologic changes of liver.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
16804984 He SX, Luo JY, Wang YP, Wang YL, Fu H, Xu JL, Zhao G, Liu EQ: Effects of extract from Ginkgo biloba on carbon tetrachloride-induced liver injury in rats. World J Gastroenterol. 2006 Jun 28;12(24):3924-8.

RESULTS: The levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and albumin (Alb) in EGb-protected group were notably improved as compared with the CCl (4)-treated group (P < 0.01).
1(0,0,0,1) Details
17585168 Rountree CB, Barsky L, Ge S, Zhu J, Senadheera S, Crooks GM: A CD133-expressing murine liver oval cell population with bilineage potential. Stem Cells. 2007 Oct;25(10):2419-29. Epub 2007 Jun 21.


Following toxic hepatocyte damage, CD133+CD45- cells demonstrated upregulated expression of the hepatocyte gene Albumin.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
16378227 Sakaida I, Terai S, Nishina H, Okita K: Development of cell therapy using autologous bone marrow cells for liver cirrhosis. Med Mol Morphol. 2005 Dec;38(4):197-202.


To establish new clinical cell therapies using autologous bone marrow cells for patients with liver failure, we developed a new in vivo model named the green fluorescent protein (GFP)/carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) model.
0(0,0,0,0) Details
19693776 Tao XR, Li WL, Su J, Jin CX, Wang XM, Li JX, Hu JK, Xiang ZH, Lau JT, Hu YP: Clonal mesenchymal stem cells derived from human bone marrow can differentiate into hepatocyte-like cells in injured livers of SCID mice. J Cell Biochem. 2009 Oct 15;108(3):693-704.

When transplanted intrasplentically into carbon tetrachloride-injured livers of SCID mice, EGFP-tagged chMSCs engrafted into the host liver parenchyma, exhibited typical hepatocyte morphology, form a three-dimensional architecture, and differentiate into hepatocyte-like cells expressing human albumin and alpha-1-anti-trypsin.
6(0,0,1,1) Details
18422964 Sakaida I: Autologous bone marrow cell infusion therapy for liver cirrhosis. . J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2008 Sep;23(9):1349-53. Epub 2008 Apr 19.

We found that BMC infused through the tail vein, efficiently repopulated cirrhotic liver tissue and, under the influence of persistent liver damage induced by carbon tetrachloride, differentiated into albumin-producing hepatocytes.
6(0,0,1,1) Details
16548057 Yokoyama Y, Terai S, Ishikawa T, Aoyama K, Urata Y, Marumoto Y, Nishina H, Nakamura K, Okita K, Sakaida I: Proteomic analysis of serum marker proteins in recipient mice with liver cirrhosis after bone marrow cell transplantation. Proteomics. 2006 Apr;6(8):2564-70.

In the presence of liver damage induced by carbon tetrachloride (CCl4), transplanted BMC migrated into the peri-portal region and trans-differentiated into hepatocytes that produce albumin.
6(0,0,1,1) Details
17112904 Zhan Y, Wang Y, Wei L, Chen H, Cong X, Fei R, Gao Y, Liu F: Differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells into hepatocytes in liver fibrosis in rats. Transplant Proc. 2006 Nov;38(9):3082-5.


The expressions of albumin (Alb), cytokeratin 8 (CK8), and alpha-smooth muscle actin (SMA) were determined by immunofluorescence methods.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
17355462 Naik SR, Panda VS: Antioxidant and hepatoprotective effects of Ginkgo biloba phytosomes in carbon tetrachloride-induced liver injury in rodents. Liver Int. 2007 Apr;27(3):393-9.

The degree of protection was evaluated by determining the marker enzymes (SGOT, SGPT and SALP), albumin (Alb) and total proteins (TP).
1(0,0,0,1) Details
19399744 Tsai PC, Fu TW, Chen YM, Ko TL, Chen TH, Shih YH, Hung SC, Fu YS: The therapeutic potential of human umbilical mesenchymal stem cells from Wharton's jelly in the treatment of rat liver fibrosis. Liver Transpl. 2009 May;15(5):484-95.


We investigated the effect of human umbilical mesenchymal stem cells (HUMSCs) from Wharton's jelly on carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced liver fibrosis in rats.
0(0,0,0,0) Details
15995808 Terai S, Sakaida I, Nishina H, Okita K: Lesson from the GFP/CCl4 model--translational research project: the development of cell therapy using autologous bone marrow cells in patients with liver cirrhosis. J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Surg. 2005;12(3):203-7.


To establish new clinical cell therapies using autologous bone marrow cells for patients with liver failure, we developed a new in vivo model, the "green fluorescent protein (GFP)/carbon tetrachloride (CCl (4)) model".
0(0,0,0,0) Details
15239104 Asamoto M, Hokaiwado N, Murasaki T, Shirai T: Connexin 32 dominant-negative mutant transgenic rats are resistant to hepatic damage by chemicals. Hepatology. 2004 Jul;40(1):205-10.


The present investigation concerned susceptibility to the liver-toxic substances D-galactosamine and carbon tetrachloride.
0(0,0,0,0) Details
19836219 Quan J, Yin X, Xu H: Boschniakia rossica prevents the carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxicity in rat. Exp Toxicol Pathol. 2009 Oct 14.

0(0,0,0,0) Details
16006527 Shanmukhappa K, Mourya R, Sabla GE, Degen JL, Bezerra JA: Hepatic to pancreatic switch defines a role for hemostatic factors in cellular plasticity in mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2005 Jul 19;102(29):10182-7. Epub 2005 Jul 8.


To this end, we generated biotinylated cRNA pools from livers of Plg (o) mice and controls before and after a single dose of the hepatotoxin carbon tetrachloride and hybridized them against high-density oligonucleotide arrays.
0(0,0,0,0) Details
14730224 Hasegawa H, Eguchi Y, Endoh K, Yoshida T, Okabe H, Tani T: Effectiveness of coagulation factor XIII concentrate for reversing loss of tensile strength of rat intestinal anastomoses. Eur Surg Res. 2004 Jan-Feb;36(1):53-8.

METHODS: 60 rats given carbon tetrachloride underwent ileal anastomosis after which they received albumin (Alb animals) or F-XIII concentrate (F-XIII animals) immediately after surgery and daily thereafter until day 2 or 4 and were euthanized on day 3 or 5, respectively, or until day 5 and were euthanized on day 7, 10, or 21.
6(0,0,1,1) Details
16482628 Lin WC, Lin WL: Ameliorative effect of Ganoderma lucidum on carbon tetrachloride-induced liver fibrosis in rats. World J Gastroenterol. 2006 Jan 14;12(2):265-70.

Liver function parameters, such as ALT, AST, albumin, and albumin/globulin (A/G) ratio, spleen weight and hepatic amounts of protein, malondiladehyde (MDA) and hydroxyproline (HP) were determined.
3(0,0,0,3) Details
16469408 Oyagi S, Hirose M, Kojima M, Okuyama M, Kawase M, Nakamura T, Ohgushi H, Yagi K: Therapeutic effect of transplanting HGF-treated bone marrow mesenchymal cells into CCl4-injured rats. J Hepatol. 2006 Apr;44(4):742-8. Epub 2005 Dec 9.


Blood samples collected 4 weeks later were analyzed for albumin production and transaminase levels.
3(0,0,0,3) Details
17577995 Zhao WL, Chen YK, Zhang R, Wang YM: [Human umbilical cord blood-derived mononuclear cells repopulate injured mouse liver]. Sheng Wu Gong Cheng Xue Bao. 2007 May;23(3):467-70.

METHODS: Fifteen acute liver injury mouse models were induced by carbon tetrachloride intraperitoneal injection followed by two-thirds hepatectomy and all mice were divided into three groups: cell transplantation group (n = 7), negative control group (n = 3) and blank control group (n = 5).
Human albumin (ALB) and cytokeratin 19 (CK19) were also detected in the mouse sera and liver tissues.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
19069636 Quintanilha LF, Mannheimer EG, Carvalho AB, Paredes BD, Dias JV, Almeida AS, Gutfilen B, Barbosa da Fonseca LM, Resende CM, Rezende GF, Campos de Carvalho AC, Goldenberg RC: Bone marrow cell transplant does not prevent or reverse murine liver cirrhosis. Cell Transplant. 2008;17(8):943-53.

Blood analyses were performed to assess liver injury and function by the assessment of alanine aminotransferase and albumin.
Female Wistar rats were fed a liquid alcohol diet and received intraperitoneal injections of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) over 15 weeks.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
17613133 : Final report on the safety assessment of Glycyrrhetinic Acid, Potassium Glycyrrhetinate, Disodium Succinoyl Glycyrrhetinate, Glyceryl Glycyrrhetinate, Glycyrrhetinyl Stearate, Stearyl Glycyrrhetinate, Glycyrrhizic Acid, Ammonium Glycyrrhizate, Dipotassium Glycyrrhizate, Disodium Glycyrrhizate, Trisodium Glycyrrhizate, Methyl Glycyrrhizate, and Potassium Glycyrrhizinate. Int J Toxicol. 2007;26 Suppl 2:79-112.


Glycyrrhetinic Acid and Glycyrrhizic Acid protect liver tissue from carbon tetrachloride.
0(0,0,0,0) Details
16688827 Lin WC, Kuo SC, Lin WL, Fang HL, Wang BC: Filtrate of fermented mycelia from Antrodia camphorata reduces liver fibrosis induced by carbon tetrachloride in rats. World J Gastroenterol. 2006 Apr 21;12(15):2369-74.

Spleen weight, blood synthetic markers (albumin and prothrombin time) and hepatic malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydroxyproline (HP) concentrations were determined.
3(0,0,0,3) Details
16228231 Ishikawa T, Terai S, Urata Y, Marumoto Y, Aoyama K, Sakaida I, Murata T, Nishina H, Shinoda K, Uchimura S, Hamamoto Y, Okita K: Fibroblast growth factor 2 facilitates the differentiation of transplanted bone marrow cells into hepatocytes. Cell Tissue Res. 2006 Feb;323(2):221-31. Epub 2005 Oct 14.

We have developed an in vivo mouse model, the green fluorescent protein (GFP)/carbon tetrachloride (CCl (4)) model, and have previously reported that transplanted GFP-positive bone marrow cells (BMCs) differentiate into hepatocytes via hepatoblast intermediates.
Treatment with recombinant FGF (rFGF), especially rFGF2, elevated the repopulation rate of GFP-positive cells in the liver and significantly increased the expression of both Liv2 (hepatoblast marker) and albumin (hepatocyte marker).
2(0,0,0,2) Details
16008122 Shih CC, Wu YW, Lin WC: Aqueous extract of Anoectochilus formosanus attenuate hepatic fibrosis induced by carbon tetrachloride in rats. Phytomedicine. 2005 Jun;12(6-7):453-60.

Liver fibrosis in rats induced by CCl4 led to the drop of serum albumin concentration; the AFE increased the albumin concentration.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
20082249 Chen Y, Chen Q, Lu J, Li FH, Tao YY, Liu CH: Effects of Danggui Buxue Decoction () on lipid peroxidation and MMP-2/9 activities of fibrotic liver in rats. Chin J Integr Med. 2009 Dec;15(6):435-41. Epub 2010 Jan 18.

METHODS: The liver fifibrosis in 28 rats was induced by an injection of carbon tetrachloride (CCl (4)) and fed with high lipid and low protein diet for 6 weeks, the model rats were randomly divided into the model group and DBD treated group, 14 in each group, and another 10 rats as the normal group were observed as well.
The liver function including serum alanine aminotransamine (ALT), aspartate transamine (AST), albumin (Alb) and total bilirubin (TBIL), liver triglyceride (TG) and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity were assayed.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
16880627 Mano Y, Tsukada H, Kurihara T, Nomura M, Yokogawa K, Miyamoto K: Development of dosage design of hepatic metabolizing drugs using serum albumin level in chronic hepatic failure. Biol Pharm Bull. 2006 Aug;29(8):1692-9.


By calculating these parameters based on prediction equations by the level of albumin, CL (tot) was obtained.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
16898077 Kotsiou A, Tsamouri M, Anagnostopoulou S, Tzivras M, Vairactaris E, Tesseromatis C: H3 Propranolol serum levels following lidocaine administration in rats with CCL4 induced liver damage. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet. 2006 Apr-Jun;31(2):97-101.

The main factors influenced are plasma albumin levels, enzyme balance (induction & inhibition) and drug binding to tissue proteins.
The influence of lidocaine on serum, heart and liver propranolol levels in Wistar rats after liver injury induced by carbon tetrachloride CCl4 0.4 ml/kg x 2/wkl, was investigated. 40 male Wistar rats were divided into four groups (I, II, III, IV; n=10), Group I animals received only propranolol (labelled + cold substance) 40 mg/kg/12 h p.o., group II propranolol plus lidocaine in a single dose of 4mg/kg s.c., group III was treated with CCl4 for 6 weeks and received propranolol x2 at the same dosage as group I, while group VI was treated with CCl4 and the same drug dosage as group II.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
16086062 Yu J, Zhang FT, Wan HJ, Ye J, Long X, Fang JZ: [Conversion of human umbilical cord blood-derived cells into hepatocyte-like cells in a culture system mimicking hepatic injury]. Beijing Da Xue Xue Bao. 2005 Aug 18;37(4):402-5.

METHODS: A hepatic injury-like microenvironment was mimicked using carbon tetrachloride damaged mouse hepatic cells, where mononuclear cells (MNC) from human umbilical cord blood were cultured in a compartment separated by trans-well membrane.
Cells expressing mature hepatocyte markers, human albumin (hALB) and human GATA-4 (hGATA-4) mRNA were detected by RT-PCR, which was further confirmed with sequencing.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
19233522 Lai JT, Hsieh WT, Fang HL, Lin WC: The protective effects of a fermented substance from Saccharomyces cerevisiae on carbon tetrachloride-induced liver damage in rats. Clin Nutr. 2009 Jun;28(3):338-45. Epub 2009 Feb 23.

RESULTS: CCl (4) caused liver damage, as characterized by increases in levels of plasma transaminase, hepatic malondialdehyde, and hydroxyproline, in addition to increases in spleen and liver weights and decreases in plasma albumin levels.
2(0,0,0,2) Details
19496198 Jin SZ, Meng XW, Han MZ, Sun X, Sun LY, Liu BR: Stromal cell derived factor-1 enhances bone marrow mononuclear cell migration in mice with acute liver failure. World J Gastroenterol. 2009 Jun 7;15(21):2657-64.

The labeled cells were subsequently infused into the caudal veins of BALB/c mice with hepatic injury induced by carbon tetrachloride and 2-acetylaminofluorene.
The expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen and albumin was quantified with manual methods in both groups.
2(0,0,0,2) Details
17631135 Nakamura T, Torimura T, Sakamoto M, Hashimoto O, Taniguchi E, Inoue K, Sakata R, Kumashiro R, Murohara T, Ueno T, Sata M: Significance and therapeutic potential of endothelial progenitor cell transplantation in a cirrhotic liver rat model. Gastroenterology. 2007 Jul;133(1):91-107.e1. Epub 2007 Apr 11.

Transaminase, total bilirubin, total protein, and albumin levels were maintained in EPC-transplantation rats, significantly improving survival rates.
METHODS: Recipient rats were injected intraperitoneally with carbon tetrachloride (CCl (4)) twice weekly for 6 weeks before initial administration of EPCs.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
17468546 Gagliano N, Grizzi F, Annoni G: Mechanisms of aging and liver functions. . Dig Dis. 2007;25(2):118-23.


Albumin, c-fos, c-myc, hepatocyte growth factor, transforming growth factor-alpha and HSP70 mRNA levels decreased 24 h after CCl (4 ) starting at age 12 months.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
18176050 Yagi K, Kojima M, Oyagi S, Ikeda E, Hirose M, Isoda K, Kawase M, Kondoh M, Ohgushi H: [Application of mesenchymal stem cells to liver regenerative medicine] . Yakugaku Zasshi. 2008 Jan;128(1):3-9.


RT-PCR and immunocytochemical analysis indicated that the BMSCs expressed the albumin mRNA and the production of protein after cultivation with HGF for 2 weeks.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
19718641 Liu F, Liu ZD, Wu N, Cong X, Fei R, Chen HS, Wei L: Transplanted endothelial progenitor cells ameliorate carbon tetrachloride-induced liver cirrhosis in rats. Liver Transpl. 2009 Sep;15(9):1092-100.

EPCs reduced the expression of alpha-smooth muscle actin, collagen III, and transforming growth factor beta (P < 0.05) as well as levels of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and total bilirubin in the serum (P < 0.05), but at the same time they increased the levels of albumin and Ki67.
2(0,0,0,2) Details
16379566 Murthy KN, Rajesha J, Swamy MM, Ravishankar GA: Comparative evaluation of hepatoprotective activity of carotenoids of microalgae. J Med Food. 2005 Winter;8(4):523-8.


The degree of hepatoprotection was measured by estimation of biochemical parameters like serum transaminases [serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (SGOT) and serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT)], serum alkaline phosphatase, total albumin, and total protein.
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15700767 Ogeturk M, Kus I, Kavakli A, Zararsiz I, Ilhan N, Sarsilmaz M: Effects of melatonin on carbon tetrachloride-induced changes in rat serum. J Physiol Biochem. 2004 Sep;60(3):205-10.

Serum urea, creatinine, total protein, albumin, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), total and conjugated bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), gamma-glutamyl transferase (gamma-GT), total iron, and magnesium levels were determined.
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15259075 Hong H, Chen JZ, Zhou F, Xue L, Zhao GQ: Influence of serum from liver-damaged rats on differentiation tendency of bone marrow-derived stem cells. World J Gastroenterol. 2004 Aug 1;10(15):2250-3.

METHODS: Serum samples were collected from rats treated with a 2-acetylaminofluorene (2-AAF) /carbon tetrachloride (CCl (4)) program for varying time points and then used as stimulators of cultured BM stem cells.
Expression of M (2)- and L-type isozymes of rat pyruvate kinase, albumin as well as integrin-beta1 were then examined by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) to estimate the differentiation state of BM stem cells.
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17278221 Dang SS, Wang BF, Cheng YA, Song P, Liu ZG, Li ZF: Inhibitory effects of saikosaponin-d on CCl4-induced hepatic fibrogenesis in rats. World J Gastroenterol. 2007 Jan 28;13(4):557-63.


The levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), triglyeride (TG), albumin (ALB), globulin (GLB), hyaluronic acid (HA) and laminin (LN) in serum and the content of hydroxyproline (HYP) in liver were measured by biochemical examinations and radioimmuneoassay, respectively.
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16233854 Takeda M, Yamamoto M, Isoda K, Higashiyama S, Hirose M, Ohgushi H, Kawase M, Yagi K: Availability of bone marrow stromal cells in three-dimensional coculture with hepatocytes and transplantation into liver-damaged mice. J Biosci Bioeng. 2005 Jul;100(1):77-81.

Hepatocytes cocultured with BMSCs secreted significantly more albumin than those in monoculture in vitro.
The HA disks coculturing mice hepatocytes and BMSCs were also implanted into mice, in which liver damage had been induced using carbon tetrachloride and phenobarbital.
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20219667 Akindele AJ, Ezenwanebe KO, Anunobi CC, Adeyemi OO: Hepatoprotective and in vivo antioxidant effects of Byrsocarpus coccineus Schum. and Thonn. (Connaraceae). J Ethnopharmacol. 2010 Feb 25.

AIM OF THE STUDY: To investigate the hepatoprotective and in vivo antioxidant effects of B. coccineus in carbon tetrachloride (CCl (4))-induced hepatotoxicity in rats.
Conversely, B. coccineus produced significant increases in albumin and total protein levels.
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18335337 Ahmed B, Khan S, Masood MH, Siddique AH: Anti-hepatotoxic activity of cichotyboside, a sesquiterpene glycoside from the seeds of Cichorium intybus. J Asian Nat Prod Res. 2008 Mar-Apr;10(3-4):223-31.


Cichotyboside (1) exhibited a significant anti-hepatotoxic activity against CCl4 induced toxicity in Wistar rats, wherein it reduced the elevated levels of liver enzymes such as serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (SGOT) by 52 units/ml; SGPT 38 units/ml; ALKP 24.97 units/ml and 7.54 g/dl, 5.48 g/dl increase in total protein and albumin, respectively.
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20103580 Pooranaperundevi M, Sumiyabanu MS, Viswanathan P, Sundarapandiyan R, Anuradha CV: Insulin resistance induced by high-fructose diet potentiates carbon tetrachloride hepatotoxicity. Toxicol Ind Health. 2010 Mar;26(2):89-104. Epub 2010 Jan 26.

Liver dysfunction in fructose-fed rats was evident from a rise in transaminases, total bilirubin and a decrease in albumin/globulin ratio in plasma and decreases in nitrite, arginase and increase in protein carbonyl and nitrosothiol content in liver.
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16501859 Okumoto K, Saito T, Haga H, Hattori E, Ishii R, Karasawa T, Suzuki A, Misawa K, Sanjo M, Ito JI, Sugahara K, Saito K, Togashi H, Kawata S: Characteristics of rat bone marrow cells differentiated into a liver cell lineage and dynamics of the transplanted cells in the injured liver. J Gastroenterol. 2006 Jan;41(1):62-9.

BMCs from transgenic rats expressing green fiuorescent protein were transplanted into the spleen of rat liver-injury models induced with 2-acetylaminofiuorene (2-AAF) or carbon tetrachloride (CCl4).
RESULTS: BMCs differentiated into a liver cell lineage in vitro and expressed mRNAs consistent with mature hepatocytes, including albumin.
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19513901 Zhao Q, Ren H, Li X, Chen Z, Zhang X, Gong W, Liu Y, Pang T, Han ZC: Differentiation of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stromal cells into low immunogenic hepatocyte-like cells. Cytotherapy. 2009;11(4):414-26.


Albumin production and urea secretion were measured by ELISA and colorimetric assay respectively.
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16595196 Di Stefano G, Fiume L, Domenicali M, Busi C, Chieco P, Kratz F, Lanza M, Mattioli A, Pariali M, Bernardi M: Doxorubicin coupled to lactosaminated albumin: Effects on rats with liver fibrosis and cirrhosis. Dig Liver Dis. 2006 Jun;38(6):404-8. Epub 2006 Apr 3.

Liver fibrosis/cirrhosis was produced by carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) poisoning.
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19437487 Zhou P, Hohm S, Olusanya Y, Hess DA, Nolta J: Human progenitor cells with high aldehyde dehydrogenase activity efficiently engraft into damaged liver in a novel model. Hepatology. 2009 Jun;49(6):1992-2000.

We transplanted lineage-depleted human umbilical cord blood-derived cells with high aldehyde dehydrogenase activity (ALDH (hi) Lin (-)) into irradiated NOD/SCID/MPSVII mice followed by carbon tetrachloride administration to induced liver damage.
Furthermore, human-originated cells expressing liver-specific alpha1-antitrypsin messenger RNA, albumin and hepatocyte nuclear factor 1 protein were detected in the recipient livers.
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19670427 Tong Z, Chen R, Alt DS, Kemper S, Perbal B, Brigstock DR: Susceptibility to liver fibrosis in mice expressing a connective tissue growth factor transgene in hepatocytes. Hepatology. 2009 Sep;50(3):939-47.


To investigate CCN2 action in vivo, transgenic FVB mice were created in which the human CCN2 gene was placed under the control of the albumin enhancer promoter to elevate hepatocyte CCN2 levels.
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16282440 Kashofer K, Siapati EK, Bonnet D: In vivo formation of unstable heterokaryons after liver damage and hematopoietic stem cell/progenitor transplantation. Stem Cells. 2006 Apr;24(4):1104-12. Epub 2005 Nov 10.

Carbon tetrachloride induces severe liver damage and subsequent repair via mitosis of resident hepatocytes.
These eGFP-positive cells co-expressed human albumin, and reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis demonstrated the presence of human albumin and alpha-anti-trypsin mRNA.
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18333779 Takeuchi T, Ochiya T, Takezawa T: Tissue array substratum composed of histological sections: a new platform for orienting differentiation of embryonic stem cells towards hepatic lineage. Tissue Eng Part A. 2008 Feb;14(2):267-74.

The substratum was prepared from liver tissues in various stages after administration of carbon tetrachloride to mice.
The substrata derived from regenerating livers enhanced cell attachment, supported growth as clusters, and induced differentiation into cells expressing albumin, although the substrata from injured livers did not.
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20096342 Khan RA, Khan MR, Sahreen S: Evaluation of Launaea procumbens use in renal disorders: a rat model. J Ethnopharmacol. 2010 Mar 24;128(2):452-61. Epub 2010 Jan 21.

INTRODUCTION: Carbon tetrachloride exerts its toxicity in rat kidneys through oxidative stress.
Ameliorated effects of fractions and rutin were also recorded for the function of kidneys and the level of urobilinogen, urea, albumin, creatinine, RBC and WBC in urine were decreased.
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18071240 Ito Y, Watanabe T, Nagatomo S, Seki T, Niimi S, Ariga T: Annexin A3-expressing cellular phenotypes emerge from necrotic lesion in the pericentral area in 2-acetylaminofluoren/carbon tetrachloride-treated rat livers. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 2007 Dec;71(12):3082-9. Epub 2007 Dec 7.

These albumin-expressed cells were histologically similar to cells expressing CD34, a hematopoietic cell marker protein.
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17659698 Zhang HY, Han DW, Zhao ZF, Liu MS, Wu YJ, Chen XM, Ji C: Multiple pathogenic factor-induced complications of cirrhosis in rats: a new model of hepatopulmonary syndrome with intestinal endotoxemia. World J Gastroenterol. 2007 Jul 7;13(25):3500-7.


Technetium 99m-labeled macroaggregated albumin (Tc99m-MAA) was used to test the dilatation of pulmonary microvasculature.
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17352015 Moriya K, Yoshikawa M, Saito K, Ouji Y, Nishiofuku M, Hayashi N, Ishizaka S, Fukui H: Embryonic stem cells develop into hepatocytes after intrasplenic transplantation in CCl4-treated mice. World J Gastroenterol. 2007 Feb 14;13(6):866-73.

AIM: To transplant undifferentiated embryonic stem (ES) cells into the spleens of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-treated mice to determine their ability to differentiate into hepatocytes in the liver.
The GFP-positive cells were also immunopositive for albumin (ALB), alpha-1 antitrypsin, cytokeratin 18, and hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 alpha on PD 20.
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18981533 Ulicna O, Vancova O, Waczulikova I, Bozek P, Janega P, Babal P, Liskova S, Greksak M: Does rooibos tea (Aspalathus linearis) support regeneration of rat liver after intoxication by carbon tetrachloride?. Gen Physiol Biophys. 2008 Sep;27(3):179-86.

At the same time, the concentration of plasma albumin was elevated and that of tissue malondialdehyde decreased in the both groups drinking RT.
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15772367 Farkas D, Tannenbaum SR: Characterization of chemically induced hepatotoxicity in collagen sandwiches of rat hepatocytes. Toxicol Sci. 2005 Jun;85(2):927-34. Epub 2005 Mar 16.

Cell function and viability was measured by analyzing the secretions of urea and albumin and the release of lactate dehydrogenase.
However, no significant toxicity could be measured following exposures to 5 mM carbon tetrachloride, 1 mM N, N-dimethylformamide (DMF), 1 mM vinyl acetate, and 1 mM acetaminophen.
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18308943 Carvalho AB, Quintanilha LF, Dias JV, Paredes BD, Mannheimer EG, Carvalho FG, Asensi KD, Gutfilen B, Fonseca LM, Resende CM, Rezende GF, Takiya CM, de Carvalho AC, Goldenberg RC: Bone marrow multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells do not reduce fibrosis or improve function in a rat model of severe chronic liver injury. Stem Cells. 2008 May;26(5):1307-14. Epub 2008 Feb 28.

Fourteen female Wistar rats were fed exclusively an alcoholic liquid diet and received intraperitoneal injections of carbon tetrachloride every other day during 15 weeks.
Blood analysis was performed to evaluate alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and albumin before cell therapy and 1 and 2 months after cell or placebo infusion.
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20047614 Mannheimer EG, Quintanilha LF, Carvalho AB, Paredes BD, Goncalves de Carvalho F, Takyia CM, Resende CM, Ferreira da Motta Rezende G, Carlos Campos de Carvalho A, Schanaider A, Coeli Dos Santos Goldenberg R: Bone marrow cells obtained from cirrhotic rats do not improve function or reduce fibrosis in a chronic liver disease model. Clin Transplant. 2009 Dec 28.

Methods: Chronic liver injury was induced in female Wistar rats by the association of an alcoholic diet with intraperitoneal injections of carbon tetrachloride.
Blood analysis of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and albumin levels, ultrasound assessment including the measurement of the portal vein diameter (PVD) and liver echogenicity, histologic evaluation with hematoxylin and eosin and Sirius red staining, and quantification of collagen deposition were performed.
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17105706 Khan SA, Ahmad B, Alam T: Synthesis and antihepatotoxic activity of some new chalcones containing 1, 4 - dioxane ring system. Pak J Pharm Sci. 2006 Oct;19(4):290-4.

The synthesized compounds were evaluated for antihepatotoxic activity against carbon tetrachloride induced hepatotoxicity in albino rats.
The degree of protection was measured by using biochemical parameters like serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT), serum glutamic pyruvate transaminase (SGPT), alkaline phosphatase (ALKP), total protein (TP) and total albumin (TA).
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18987472 Zhang JJ, Meng XK, Dong C, Qiao JL, Zhang RF, Yue GQ, Zhong HY: Development of a new animal model of liver cirrhosis in swine. Eur Surg Res. 2009;42(1):35-9. Epub 2008 Nov 6.

This study aimed to develop a new experimental model of liver cirrhosis in swine by using carbon tetrachloride (CCl (4)) and ethanol.
Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), albumin, bilirubin and portal venous pressure (PVP) levels were determined throughout CCl (4) treatment.
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17425863 Lu HH, Teng GJ, Ju SH, Sun JH, Li AM, Zhang AF: [Committed differentiation of transplanted bone derived mesenchymal stem cells and their potential to amend damaged liver functions: in vivo experiment with mice]. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi. 2007 Jan 23;87(4):223-7.

METHODS: 20 nude mice were randomly divided into four groups (n = 5 in each group): Group A: 1.0 ml/kg of carbon tetrachloride (CCl (4)) (dissolved in olive oil by ratio of 1:1) was injected into the peritoneum of mice twice a week for 5 weeks.
Liver function tests (LFT), histology of HE and Masson staining as well as double immunofluorescent staining for GFP and albumin were studied in all groups.
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15673190 Wu YW, Chen KD, Lin WC: Effect of Ganoderma tsugae on chronically carbon tetrachloride-intoxicated rats. Am J Chin Med. 2004;32(6):841-50.

The CCl4-induced liver fibrosis may prolong the prothrombine time and increase albumin/globulin (A/G) ratio.
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15793860 Xu DH, Mei XT, Chen Y, Li YM, Lv JY, Xu SB: Protective effects of 5,4'-dihydroxy-3',5'-dimethoxy-7-O-beta-D -glucopyranosyloxy-flavone on experimental hepatic injury. World J Gastroenterol. 2005 Mar 28;11(12):1764-8.

METHODS: Models of rat acute hepatic injury induced by carbon tetrachloride (CCl (4)) administration, rat hepatic fibrosis induced by thioacetamide, injury of primary cultured rat hepatocytes induced by CCl (4), respectively, were established.
After treated with RF, content of serum alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and albumin (Alb), hyaluronic acid (HA), the activity of glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and hydroxyproline (Hyp) were measured and liver tissue was observed pathologically by hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining.
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16600545 Sureshkumar SV, Mishra SH: Hepatoprotective effect of extracts from Pergularia daemia Forsk. J Ethnopharmacol. 2006 Sep 19;107(2):164-8. Epub 2006 Apr 5.

The aqueous and ethanolic extracts obtained from aerial parts of Pergularia daemia were evaluated for hepatoprotective activity in rats by inducing liver damage by carbon tetrachloride.
The ethanolic extract at an oral dose of 200 mg/kg exhibited a significant (P <0.05) protective effect by lowering serum levels of glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, glutamic pyruvic transaminase, alkaline phosphatase, total bilirubin and total cholesterol and increasing the levels of total protein and albumin levels as compared to silymarin used as a positive control.
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19422480 Jung KH, Shin HP, Lee S, Lim YJ, Hwang SH, Han H, Park HK, Chung JH, Yim SV: Effect of human umbilical cord blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells in a cirrhotic rat model. Liver Int. 2009 Jul;29(6):898-909. Epub 2009 Apr 17.

Hence, we investigated the effect of infusing of human umbilical cord blood-derived MSCs (HMSCs) in carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced cirrhosis in a rat model.
Interestingly, CM-DiI-labelled HMSCs expressed the hepatocyte-specific markers, human albumin and alpha-fetoprotein.
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17313811 Hu AB, He XS, Zheng QC, Cai JY: [Curative effects of transplantation of hepatocytes differentiated from embryonic stem cells on treatment of fulminant hepatic failure: experiment with mice]. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi. 2006 Dec 12;86(46):3280-4.

RT-PCR was used to detect the mRNA expression of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), transthyretin (TTR), hepatic nuclear factor (HNF), albumin (ALB), glucose-6-phosphate (G6P), and tyrosine aminotransferase (TAT) at different time points.
Twenty-four hours later carbon tetrachloride was injected intra-peritoneally to induce FHF.
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16343076 Ding J, Yu J, Wang C, Hu W, Li D, Luo Y, Luo H, Yu H: Ginkgo biloba extract alleviates liver fibrosis induced by CCl in rats. Liver Int. 2005 Dec;25(6):1224-32.

AIMS: To investigate the protective effect of Ginkgo biloba extract (GbE) on liver fibrosis induced by carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) in rats and expressions of transforming growth factor beta1 (TGF-beta1) and collagen I during this period.
Blood samples were collected for measurement of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and albumin.
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19429383 Sathesh Kumar S, Ravi Kumar B, Krishna Mohan G: Hepatoprotective effect of Trichosanthes cucumerina Var cucumerina L. on carbon tetrachloride induced liver damage in rats. J Ethnopharmacol. 2009 Jun 22;123(2):347-50. Epub 2009 Mar 3.

Various biochemical parameters like alanine amino transferase (ALT), aspartate amino transferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), total bilirubin (TB), total protein (TP) and albumin (ALB) levels were estimated in serum as well as the glutathione (GSH) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in the liver were determined.
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20333785 Yang FR, Fang BW, Lou JS: Effects of Haobie Yangyin Ruanjian Decoction on hepatic fibrosis induced by carbon tetrachloride in rats. World J Gastroenterol. 2010 Mar 28;16(12):1458-64.

The serum levels of total protein and albumin were decreased in the model group and increased in the three treatment groups.
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18791369 Locke JE, Sun Z, Warren DS, Sheets TP, Holzer H, Shamblott MJ, Montgomery RA, Cameron AM: Generation of humanized animal livers using embryoid body-derived stem cell transplant. Ann Surg. 2008 Sep;248(3):487-93.

METHODS: SCID mice and rats underwent liver injury with carbon tetrachloride exposure or partial hepatectomy.
EBDs persist in rodent liver long term (> 1 month), and once engrafted differentiate into functional human hepatocytes as assessed by production of human alpha-feto-protein (AFP) and human albumin.
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17521242 Haga J, Wakabayashi G, Shimazu M, Tanabe M, Takahara T, Azuma T, Sato Y, Hakamata Y, Kobayashi E, Kitajima M: In vivo visualization and portally repeated transplantation of bone marrow cells in rats with liver damage. Stem Cells Dev. 2007 Apr;16(2):319-28.


This strategy of repeated BMT has potential clinical use in enhancing the number of albumin-producing cells and suppressing liver fibrosis.
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20178458 Rabani V, Shahsavani M, Gharavi M, Piryaei A, Azhdari Z, Baharvand H: Mesenchymal stem cell infusion therapy in carbon tetrachloride-induced liver fibrosis model affects matrix metalloproteinase expression. Cell Biol Int. 2010 Feb 23.

Few engrafted cells in the recipient liver and were able to differentiate into albumin-positive cells.
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18657875 Khurana S, Mukhopadhyay A: In vitro transdifferentiation of adult hematopoietic stem cells: an alternative source of engraftable hepatocytes. J Hepatol. 2008 Dec;49(6):998-1007. Epub 2008 Jun 18.


In healthy liver, these cells engrafted into hepatocyte plates and maintained the expression of albumin and cytokeratin-18.
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17158861 Nakatsuka R, Taniguchi M, Hirata M, Shiota G, Sato K: Transient expression of bone morphogenic protein-2 in acute liver injury by carbon tetrachloride. J Biochem. 2007 Jan;141(1):113-9. Epub 2006 Dec 11.

Albumin gene expression was significantly reduced at 24 h post injection with CCl4, but recovered at 48 h.
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14706657 Yamamoto N, Terai S, Ohata S, Watanabe T, Omori K, Shinoda K, Miyamoto K, Katada T, Sakaida I, Nishina H, Okita K: A subpopulation of bone marrow cells depleted by a novel antibody, anti-Liv8, is useful for cell therapy to repair damaged liver. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2004 Jan 23;313(4):1110-8.


We previously reported a new in vivo model named as "GFP/CCl (4) model" for monitoring the transdifferentiation of green fluorescent protein (GFP) positive bone marrow cell (BMC) into albumin-positive hepatocyte under the specific "niche" made by CCl (4) induced persistent liver damage, but the subpopulation which BMCs transdifferentiate into hepatocytes remains unknown.
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15257043 Fang B, Shi M, Liao L, Yang S, Liu Y, Zhao RC: Systemic infusion of FLK1 (+) mesenchymal stem cells ameliorate carbon tetrachloride-induced liver fibrosis in mice. Transplantation. 2004 Jul 15;78(1):83-8.

Immunofluorescence, polymerase chain reaction, and fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis revealed that donor cells engrafted into host liver, had epithelium-like morphology, and expressed albumin, although at low frequency.
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16810750 Tang XP, Zhang M, Yang X, Chen LM, Zeng Y: Differentiation of human umbilical cord blood stem cells into hepatocytes in vivo and in vitro. World J Gastroenterol. 2006 Jul 7;12(25):4014-9.

Human alpha fetoprotein (AFP) and albumin (ALB) were detected by immunohistochemistry.
In the animal experiments, the survival SD rats with acute hepatic injury after carbon tetrachloride (CCL4) injection 48 h were randomly divided into three groups.
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16150456 Luk JM, Wang PP, Lee CK, Wang JH, Fan ST: Hepatic potential of bone marrow stromal cells: development of in vitro co-culture and intra-portal transplantation models. J Immunol Methods. 2005 Oct 20;305(1):39-47. Epub 2005 Aug 18.

The two animal models for liver injury employed used carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) induction or bile duct ligation.
Our findings demonstrated that about 16% parenchyma cells were GFP-positive cells derived from infused BMSCs, and expression of albumin was detected in these cells in engrafted liver tissues.
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16108363 Shi MX, Fang BJ, Liao LM, Yang SG, Liu YH, Zhao CH: [Flk1+ mesenchymal stem cells ameliorate carbon tetrachloride-induced liver fibrosis in mice]. Sheng Wu Gong Cheng Xue Bao. 2005 May;21(3):396-401.

Immunofluorescence, PCR, and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis revealed that donor cells engrafted into host liver, had epithelium-like morphology and expressed albumin (ALB), although at low frequency.
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16547767 Wu Y, Wang F, Zheng Q, Lu L, Yao H, Zhou C, Wu X, Zhao Y: Hepatoprotective effect of total flavonoids from Laggera alata against carbon tetrachloride-induced injury in primary cultured neonatal rat hepatocytes and in rats with hepatic damage. J Biomed Sci. 2006 Jul;13(4):569-78. Epub 2006 Mar 18.

In vivo, oral treatment with TFLA at doses of 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg significantly reduced the levels of AST, ALT, total protein, and albumin in serum and the hydroxyproline and sialic acid levels in liver.
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17565875 Chen ZZ, Yang RJ, Liu PC: [Safety and effect of two-step portal vein embolization in treatment of hepatic fibrosis: experiment with rabbits]. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi. 2007 Mar 27;87(12):859-62.

METHODS: Twenty rabbit underwent intraperitoneal injection of carbon tetrachloride to establish models of hepatic fibrosis, and then were randomly divided into 2 equal groups: one-step group in which ileocolic vein was exposed, portal angiography was conducted, a catheter was inserted into the upper end of the main trunk of portal vein beyond the branches of right lower lobe of liver, a mixture of absolute ethanol- lipiodol was infused into the portal vein branches supplying 70% - 90% of the liver via a catheter and then a coil was put at the proximal side of hepatic portal, and two-step group in which the portal vein branches were embolized by using a mixture of absolute ethanol-lipiodol first at the first step and then by using polyvinyl alcohol particles 4 weeks later during the second operation.
The serum levels of alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), total bilirubin, and albumin were examined before and 4, 7, and 14 days after the portal vein embolization.
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16212920 Pan H, Hong F, Radaeva S, Gao B: Hydrodynamic gene delivery of interleukin-22 protects the mouse liver from concanavalin A-, carbon tetrachloride-, and Fas ligand-induced injury via activation of STAT3. Cell Mol Immunol. 2004 Feb;1(1):43-9.

In the present paper, we demonstrate that hydrodynamic gene delivery of IL-22 cDNA driven either by a liver-specific albumin promoter or a human cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter results in IL-22 protein expression, STAT3 activation, and expression of several anti-apoptotic proteins, including Bcl-xL, Bcl-2, and Mcl-1 in the liver.
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20052656 Taura K, Miura K, Iwaisako K, Osterreicher CH, Kodama Y, Penz-Osterreicher M, Brenner DA: Hepatocytes do not undergo epithelial-mesenchymal transition in liver fibrosis in mice. Hepatology. 2010 Mar;51(3):1027-36.

We bred triple transgenic mice expressing ROSA26 stop beta-galactosidase (beta-gal), albumin Cre, and collagen alpha1 (I) green fluorescent protein (GFP), in which hepatocyte-derived cells are permanently labeled by beta-gal and type I collagen-expressing cells are labeled by GFP.
We induced liver fibrosis by repetitive carbon tetrachloride (CCl (4)) injections.
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